Across
- 1. Combines the sun’s fluctuations, planetary orbits, atmospheric chemistry, radiation physics, ocean circulation changes, and biomass and land feedbacks
- 3. Forms from the compaction of snow year after year, building up a record of climate extending back millions of years
- 5. Change to one Earth system causing change to other systems, and in some cases, the affected system will respond and apply a change back on the first system
- 7. A type of feedback that amplifies a change
- 9. unit of work or energy, and equal to the work done by a force of one newton acting through one meter
- 10. A type of reaction in which reactants are converted into products in a single step
- 15. A type of reaction accompanied by or requiring the absorption of heat
- 17. the most important factor in Earth’s weather and climate
- 19. A transition state that exists for a short period of time in a chemical reaction as the bonds in the reactants are breaking and the bonds in the products are forming
- 20. the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system
- 21. Exist only in small amounts, but effective at absorbing wavelengths that correspond to infrared radiation and absorb enough heat to keep Earth’s surface about 35º warmer than it would be.
- 23. enthalpy of the system minus the product of the temperature times the entropy of the system
- 24. A measure of the heat-trapping capacity of a greenhouse gas over a given period of time
- 25. The most powerful greenhouse gas, which accounts for about 50% of the total absorption of infrared radiation in the atmosphere
- 26. Explains why changes in conditions (like temperature, concentration, and particle size) can affect reaction rates
Down
- 2. The minimum energy requirement for colliding particles to react
- 4. A term used to describe anything caused or produced by humans
- 6. a type of feedback that resists or reduces a change
- 8. the study of the relations between heat, temperature, and energy, and its laws describe how the energy in a system changes and whether the system can perform useful work on its surroundings
- 11. the proportion of incoming sunlight that reflects off of an object’s surface
- 12. A state of balance in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
- 13. a factor that must happen in order for Earth’s surface temperature to go up (ex. Increase of incoming sunlight, decrease in how much sunlight gets reflected from the surface back out into space, increase in how much of that energy is kept by greenhouse gases
- 14. the degree of disorder or uncertainty in a system
- 16. A type of reaction accompanied by the release of heat
- 18. A substance that increases reaction rates by providing a lower energy path for the reaction without being used up during the reaction
- 22. this person’s principle states that if a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a disturbance, it changes in a way that counteracts the change as it returns to equilibrium