Across
- 1. a state in which an atom has more energy than it does at its ground state
- 5. an atom that is identified by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
- 7. a base that ionizes completely in a solvent
- 10. the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
- 11. a charged electron emitted during a certain type of radioactive decay, such as beta decay
- 13. the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance whose number of particles is the same as the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12
- 14. energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures
- 15. a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
- 17. a substance that donates a proton to another substance
- 19. a base that forms when an acid loses a proton
- 20. the mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass units
- 24. a proton or a neutron
- 27. the lowest energy state of a quantized system
- 30. a change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties
- 33. describes a substance, such as water, that has the properties of an acid and the properties of a base
- 36. all of the frequencies
- 37. wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
- 38. a base that releases few hydroxide ions in aqueous solution
- 39. the minimum mass of a fissionable isotope that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction
- 40. the point at which the two solutions used in a titration
- 51. a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons
- 53. the area of chemistry that is the study of reaction rates and reaction mechanisms
- 54. the energy of an object that is due to the object’s motion
- 55. the interaction that binds nucleons together in a nucleus
- 56. an acid that ionizes completely in a solvent
- 59. the combination of the nuclei of small atoms to form a larger nucleus, a process that releases energy
- 60. the rate at which a chemical reaction takes place
Down
- 1. a subatomic particle that has a negative electric charge
- 2. a solution of known concentration that is used to titrate a solution of unknown concentration
- 3. the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
- 4. the high-energy photon emitted by a nucleus during fisson and radioactive decay
- 6. describes a process in which a system releases heat into the environment
- 8. 6.022 × 1023, the number of atoms or molecules in 1 mol
- 9. an explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning
- 12. the arrangement of electrons in an atom
- 16. the splitting of the nucleus of a large atom into two or more fragments, a process that produces additional neutrons and a lot of energy
- 18. a summary of many experimental results and observations; a law tells how things work
- 21. the quantity of heat required to raise a unit mass of homogeneous material 1 K or 1°C in a specified way given constant pressure and volume
- 22. the principle that states that two particles of a certain class cannot be in the exact same energy state
- 23. a solution of known concentration
- 25. the point in a titration at which a marked color change takes place
- 26. describes a process in which heat is absorbed from the environment
- 28. a method to determine the concentration of a substance in solution by adding a solution of known volume
- 29. the mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance
- 31. the reaction of the ions that characterize acids
- 32. a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
- 34. a series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
- 35. the time required for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to disintegrate by radioactive decay or natural processes
- 41. a reaction in which a change in a single molecule makes many molecules change until a stable compound forms
- 42. the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons of the nucleus of an atom
- 43. a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties
- 44. an acid that forms when a base gains a proton
- 45. the pH range through which an indicator changes color
- 46. a number that specifies the properties of electrons
- 47. a theory or explanation that is based on observations and that can be tested
- 48. an acid that releases few hydrogen ions in aqueous solution
- 49. a measure of how hot (or cold) something is
- 50. the process by which an unstable nucleus emits one or more parti- cles or energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation
- 52. an atom that has the same number of protons (atomic number) as other atoms of the same element but has a different number of neutrons (atomic mass)
- 57. an atom’s central region, which is made up of protons and neutrons
- 58. the capacity to do work