Across
- 4. a Chinese philosophy that argued that human beings were by nature evil and would follow the correct path only if coerced by harsh laws and stiff punishments. Adopted as official ideology by the Qin dynasty, it was later rejected but remained influential.
- 8. the Chinese practice, reportedly originated by the Qin dynasty in the third century BCE, of organizing families into groups of five or ten to exercise mutual control and surveillance and reduce loyalty to the family.
- 9. relationships/in traditional China, the hierarchical interpersonal associations considered crucial to social order, within the family, between friends, and with the king.
- 10. men whose testicles have been removed. Eunuchs often played an important role at court in the Chinese imperial system, the Ottoman Empire, and the Mughal Dynasty, among others.
- 13. Confucianism/the integration of Confucian doctrine with Legalist practice under the Han dynasty in China; became the basis of Chinese political thought until the modern era.
- 14. a system of thought based on the teachings of Confucius (551–479 BCE) that developed into the ruling ideology of the Chinese state.
- 16. a Neolithic society from near the Yellow River in China, sometimes identified by its painted pottery.
Down
- 1. system the theoretical pattern of land ownership in early China, named for the appearance of the Chinese character for “well,” in which farmland was divided into nine segments and a peasant family would cultivate one for its own use and cooperate with seven others to cultivate the ninth for the landlord.
- 2. of ancestors the extension of filial piety to include care for the deceased, for instance, by burning replicas of useful objects to accompany them on their journey to the next world.
- 3. service examination/an elaborate Chinese system of selecting bureaucrats on merit, first introduced in 165 CE, developed by the Tang Dynasty in the seventh century CE, and refined under the Song Dynasty; later adopted in Vietnam and with less success in Japan and Korea. It contributed to efficient government, upward mobility, and cultural uniformity.
- 5. a Neolithic society from near the Yellow River in China, sometimes identified by its black pottery.
- 6. of Heaven the justification for the rule of the Zhou dynasty in China. The king was charged to maintain order as a representative of Heaven, which was viewed as an impersonal law of nature.
- 7. hypothesis the hypothesis that the Yellow River valley was the ancient heartland of Chinese civilization and that technological and cultural achievements radiated from there to other parts of East Asia. Recent discoveries of other early agricultural communities in China have led to some modification of the hypothesis to allow for other centers of civilization.
- 11. a Chinese philosophy traditionally ascribed to the perhaps legendary Lao Zi, which holds that acceptance and spontaneity are the keys to harmonious interaction with the universal order; an alternative to Confucianism.
- 12. piety in traditional China, in particular, a hierarchical system in which every family member has his or her place, subordinate to a patriarch who has certain reciprocal responsibilities.
- 15. a Chinese philosophical concept, literally “the Way,” central to both Confucianism and Daoism, that describes the behavior proper to each member of society; somewhat similar to the Indian concept of dharma.