Civil Liberties

3. Restraint Restraining an activity before it has actually occurred. When expression is involved, this means censorship.
5. Clause The part of the First Amendment prohibiting the establishment of church officially supported by the national government. It determines the legality of giving state and local government aid to religious organizations and schools, allowing or requiring school prayers, and teaching evolution versus creationism.
8. Rule A judicial policy prohibiting the admission at trail of illegally obtained evidence.
11. Speech Advertising statements, which increasingly have been given First Amendment protection.
12. Figure A public official or any other person, such as movie star, known to the public because of his or her position or activities.
14. Lawless Action Test The current standard established by the Supreme Court for evaluating the legality of advocacy speech. Such speech can be forbidden only when it is " directed to inciting...imminent lawless action."
15. The public uttering of a false statement that harms the good reputation of another. The statement must be made to, or within the hearing of, a person other that the defamed party.
17. Post Facto Law A law that inflicts punishment for an act that was not illegal at the time it was committed.

1. Exercise Clause The provision of the First Amendment guaranteeing the free exercise of religion. The provision constrains the national government from prohibiting individuals from practicing the religion of their choice.
2. of Attainder a law that inflicts punishment without a trial.
4. Malice either knowledge of a defamatory statement's falsity or a reckless disregard for truth.
6. Theory The view that the protections of the Bill of Rights apply to state governments through the Fourteenth Amendment 's due process clause.
7. of Character Wrongfully hurting a person's good reputation. The law imposes a general duty on all persons to refrain from making false, defamatory statements about others.
9. the first act in a criminal proceeding, in which the defendant is brought before a court to hear the charges against him or her and enter a plea of guilty or not guilty.
10. Speech Expression made through articles of clothing, gestures, movement, and other forms of nonverbal conduct. Symbolic speech is given substantial protection by the courts.
13. "you have the body" an order that requires jailers to bring a prisoner before a court or judge and explain why the person is being held.
16. A written defamation of a person's character, reputation, business, or property rights.