Across
- 6. Chinese political and philosophical concept that legitimized the rule of the emperor / created by the Zhou
- 7. Chinese philosophical tradition that promoted ethical behavior, emphasized the importance of family relationships and respecting elders (filial piety), cultivated personal virtues like benevolence and righteousness, and upheld the proper social hierarchy through rituals and etiquette
- 9. the manufacture of silk / Chinese silk became a prized commodity in India, Persia, Mesopotamia, and even the distant Roman Empire
- 10. commerce in silk and other products led to the establishment of an intricate network of trade routes known collectively as the...
- 11. a work that has profoundly influenced Chinese political and cultural traditions / some of Confucius' pupils compiled his sayings and teachings in this book
- 15. large, cold desert and grassland region in northern China and southern Mongolia / sixth largest desert in the world
- 16. (256-195 BCE) commander who seized power in 202 BCE after a revolt against the Qin Empire / brought back centralized rule after the fall of the Qin / founder of the Han dynasty / promoted Confucianism
- 18. the chief moral virtue recognized by early Daoists - disengagement from the competitive exertions and active involvement in affairs of the world / required that individuals refrain from advanced education and from personal striving / called for individuals to act selflessly and live simply - and in harmony with nature
- 19. (45-117 CE) most famous female scholar in Chinese history / seen as a model woman and wrote "Lessons for Women" about female conduct
- 20. (45 BCE-23 CE) referred to as the "socialist emperor" by historians / limited the amount of land that a family could hold and ordered officials to break up large estates, redistribute them, and provide landless individuals with property to cultivate
- 21. production of this metal surged during the Han dynasty / production was so important that it was brought under state control
- 22. dynasty that established the first unified empire in China / established a centralized government and laid the foundation for future Chinese dynasties by unifying the warring states; standardizing writing, currency, and measurements; and initiating large-scale construction projects like the Great Wall / dynasty only lasted 14 years
Down
- 1. vast elevated plateau at the intersection of Central, South, and East Asia / home to 220 million Buddhists
- 2. invented by Han craftsmen / fashioned from hemp, bark, and textile fibers
- 3. dynasty that reunified China after the civil war following the death of Qin Shihuangdi / known its long reign and its achievements, which included the development of the civil service and scientific advancements including the invention of paper
- 4. comprises the final centuries of the Zhou dynasty, which were characterized by warfare, bureaucratic and military reform, and political consolidation / concluded with the wars of conquest that saw the Qin annex each of the other contender states by 221 BCE
- 5. third school of thought that rejected Confucian activism and Daoist retreat during the Warring States Period / promoted a practical and ruthlessly efficient approach to statecraft with strict laws and harsh punishments / reasoned that the foundations of the state's strength were agriculture and the armed forces and, thus, discouraged people from pursuing careers as merchants, entrepreneurs, scholars, educators, philosophers, poets, or artists
- 8. serious revolt that raged throughout China and tested the resilience of the Han state / caused by a number of factors, including corruption, which led to high taxes, poor management of natural disasters (plagues and floods), and poor agricultural yields / later Han emperors also failed to address the problem of land redistribution, which also contributed to this peasant revolt
- 12. (259-210 BCE) first emperor of China / ignored the nobility and ruled his empire through a centralized bureaucracy / divided China into administrative provinces and districts / entrusted communication and the implementation of his policies to officers of the central government (bureaucrats) / built a 4,000-mile network of roads (infrastructure) to facilitate communications and the movement of armies
- 13. process by which the first emperor Qin Shihuangdi used uniform coinage and legal standards to integrate China's various regions into a more tightly knit society / concentration of authority around the emperor - an idea first introduced by the Qin dynasty
- 14. represented an effort to understand the fundamental character of the world and nature / taught that people should live in harmony with nature in the cosmos - world is governed by the Dao OR the Way of Nature / its practitioners believe that everything in the universe is connected and that the forces of yin and yang work together toward a universal whole
- 17. nomadic horsemen from Central Asia and the greatest challenge that the Han faced / their mobility offered them a distinct advantage / widely considered to be the predecessors of the Huns