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- 2. (551B.C.–479 B.C.) is China’s most famous philosopher. His teachings about the importance of education and public service influenced many eastern Asian civilizations. His ancestors, members of the aristocracy, were poor by the time of Confucius’s birth. By the age of 15, Confucius was dedicated to the life of a scholar. Although his ideas about the proper way to live guided millions of people, Confucius’s own life was simple and reflected a deep humility.
- 3. ,the world's oldest religion, according to many scholars, with roots and customs dating back more than 4,000 years
- 5. (156 b.c.–87 b.c.) was given the name Liu Che at birth. As the eleventh son of the Han emperor Jingdi, he would not have been destined to rule. However, the influence of his relatives changed this and he became emperor in 141 b.c.. Determined to expand his dynasty’s rule, he succeeded, though it came at a high cost to his soldiers and people. Liu Che made Confucianism the state religion. He was given the title Wudi (Martial Emperor) upon his death.
- 7. servants, Government officials
- 9. in traditional Indian society, an unchangeable social group into which a person is born
- 10. in Hindu belief, the religious and moral duties of an individual
- 11. in Hindu belief, all the actions that determine a person’s fate in the next life
- 12. loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord
- 14. cycle, rise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the Mandate of Heaven
- 16. Laozi means “Master Lao” or “Old Master” in the Chinese language. An old man when Confucius was a young scholar, Laozi was born in a small village in ancient China. He was appointed a historian in one of the Zhou dynasty courts. Laozi developed a philosophy of inner calm, purity of mind, and living in harmony with nature that is called Dao, or the way of the universe. His book, The Way of Life, had enormous influence on Chinese life.
- 17. in Buddhist belief, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth
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- 1. large landmass that juts out from a continent
- 4. Gautama, Siddhartha Gautama (circa 563 b.c.– 483 b.c.) was born a prince in India. Encounters with human suffering led him to leave his royal life to seek out the cause of suffering and sorrow. He sought answers from scholars and meditated until he developed a spiritual explanation for life. He became known as the “Buddha,” and began teaching his beliefs to others. He taught the Four Noble Truths and encouraged the faithful to follow the Eightfold Path.
- 6. Huangdi, (about 259 B.C.–210 B.C.) was originally named Zhao Zheng. He was the son of the king of the Qin territory. At age 13, Zheng became the king of Qin. He proclaimed himself Shi Huangdi, or “First Emperor.” Using spies, loyal generals, and bribery, he removed the leaders of six other surrounding states to create a unified China under his authoritarian rule. However, the unified China he created was too dependent on Shi Huangdi. The Qin dynasty collapsed four years after his death.
- 7. written symbols in writing systems such as that of the Chinese
- 8. in the belief system established in Aryan India, the single spiritual power that resides in all things
- 13. complete control of a product or business by one person or a group
- 15. age, period of great cultural achievement