Across
- 1. A proposed constraint on code switching. Simplified version: switching can’t happen between bound morphemes, word parts that can’t stand on their own.
- 3. Situational code-switching associated with emotions
- 4. When code switches happen with function words such as pues, or ya know. These switches are often habitual. Also called emblematic switching
- 7. Categories used to classify typical patterns of multi-lingual language use in social or institutional contexts, characterizing setting, participants and topic. (Fishman, 1972, identified five: family, friendship, religion, education, employment)
- 8. When a word borrowed from another language is changed (in pronunciation or inflection) so that it behaves like a word from our language.
- 9. A proposed constraint on code switching. Simplified version: switching tends to happen where the sentence structure just before and just after the switches are possible in both languages involved.
- 12. When code-switching is constrained by the social context. Also known as domain-based code-switching.
- 14. A group of (usually unrelated) languages that have become more similar because of geographical proximity, such as Balkan area langauges.
- 16. When code-switching is used as a sociolinguistic resource, rather than just to respond to context.
Down
- 2. Situational code-switching associated with informative function: academic, business, governmental, legal, medical, etc. topics.
- 5. When a particular language doesn’t have a word for a particular concept (and thus usually adopts a word from another language), for example, schadenfreude.
- 6. Individual words from another language that are inserted, often being changed to obey the rules of the matrix language. See also code-switching.
- 10. A common occurrence in bilingual and multilingual communities, this term refers to instances in which people alternate between at least two languages or language varieties in a single conversation (across sentences or clause boundaries). Sometimes called code-mixing.
- 11. A language that shares components of two or more languages, generally in equal proportions. (Such as Michif, a language still spoken in and near Manitoba among the Métis, people of mixed Cree and French ancestry.)
- 13. language The dominant language in code-switching (cf. Myers-Scotton 1993b). The non-dominant one is called embedded language.
- 15. A linguistic form, such as a word, taken from one language or dialect and incorporated into another, such that monolingual speakers of the borrowing language use it, sometimes with new associations. Once a word is truly borrowed, it loses its associations with the original language, and is adapted to the pronunciation and word formation rules of the borrowing language.