Across
- 3. - the processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning.
- 5. - in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
- 6. memory - a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
- 8. stage - the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
- 10. memory - a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
- 11. - the process of getting information out of memory storage.
- 13. determinism - Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
- 18. - the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
- 22. - a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
- 23. - in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
- 25. amnesia - attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.
- 26. - a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone-use of heuristics.
- 30. intelligence (AI) - the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language.
- 32. - memory aids, especially those techiniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
- 33. memory - a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
- 35. - in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
- 37. - the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
- 38. - a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
- 40. memory - the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
- 44. - the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
- 45. - a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy mehtod for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
- 46. - the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements.
- 47. - the loss of memory
- 51. heuristic - judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
- 53. - organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
- 55. memory - the immediate, intial recording of sensory information in the memory system.
- 58. encoding - the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.
- 59. processing - unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
- 60. - a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
- 61. - a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learnign material for a second time.
- 62. neural networks - computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells.
- 63. heuristic - estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
- 64. - a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
Down
- 1. - the activitation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
- 2. stage - beginning about age 2, the stage in speech develpment during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.
- 4. - mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
- 7. bias - a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
- 9. fixedness - the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
- 12. memory - activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. Working memory is a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information.
- 14. memory - the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
- 15. - the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.
- 16. - a sudden and often novel realization of hte solution to a problem; it constrasts with strategy-based solutions.
- 17. processing - encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
- 19. memory - retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called procedural memory.
- 20. encoding - the encoding of picture images.
- 21. - the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
- 23. interference - the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
- 24. - in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
- 27. set - a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem.
- 28. - a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
- 29. encoding - the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
- 31. bias - the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasonging, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
- 34. vu - that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
- 36. - the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
- 39. effect - the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
- 40. potentiation (LTP) - an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
- 41. - the retention of encoded information over time.
- 42. - the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
- 43. speech - early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-"go car"-using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words.
- 48. effect - incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
- 49. - our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
- 50. stage - beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
- 52. memory - memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)
- 54. preserverance - clinging to one's intitial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
- 56. position effect - our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
- 57. interference - the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.