Cold War

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  1. 6. The first man-made space satellite, launched in 1957 by the Soviet Union. This action made Western nations realize that the Soviet Union had a very advanced rocket program.
  2. 8. A federal government program to give money to poorer provinces to ensure a standard of government services that are equal across the country.
  3. 11. A state-of-the-art fighter plane that was developed for the RCAF during the 1950's. In 1959 the Diefenbaker government decided to scrap the project concluding that the country could not afford the costs of such a plane. Since that time, Canada has always purchased fighter planes from the United States.
  4. 12. An attempt by British and French forces to seize the Suez Canal zone from Egypt after the government of Egypt had nationalized the canal from a British-French company. In an attempt to expand its territory, Israel supported the British-French action. The ensuing world crisis was partially solved at the UN when Canada's Lester Pearson (Minister of External Affairs) suggested that a UN peacekeeping force be sent to the area. Pearson was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in the following year.
  5. 13. Thirty-fifth President of the United States. Kennedy, a Democrat, defeated Republican Richard Nixon in the 1960 presidential election. His domestic policy aims of civil rights and social reform were mainly not achieved during his short presidency. He is best known for his handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, and the establishment of a partial test ban treaty on nuclear arms in 1963. He visited West Berlin in June 1963 and reaffirmed US support for the city with his famous declaration, “lch bin eim Berliner!" (I am a Berliner!) In November 1963 he was assassinated while visiting Dallas, Texas. His relationship with Prime Minister John Diefenbaker became strained during the Cuban Missile Crisis when Diefenbaker refused to immediately put Canada's NORAD forces on high alert.
  6. 16. A military alliance established in 1949 to defend Western Europe against any possible Soviet invasion. Originally, the alliance consisted of ten Eastern European nations plus Canada and the United States. The present alliance consists of 26 nations, including nine countries that formerly belonged to the Warsaw Pact. Under the NATO agreement, Canadian forces were stationed in Western Europe. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, however, the Soviet threat disappeared and all Canadian bases were disbanded by 1994.
  7. 17. In 1980 he attempted to run across Canada, despite having lost a leg to cancer. His "Marathon of Hope" ended near Thunder Bay, Ontario, when cancer was discovered in his lungs. He died the following year, but the annual Terry Fox Run since then has raised millions of dollars for cancer research.
  8. 18. Canada joined the United Nations force that was sent to help South Korea defend itself from a North Korean invasion, which started in June 1950. North Korea had a Communist government and was backed by both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. Most of the UN forces came from the United States. Canada contributed 26 791 soldiers, sailors and airmen. 516 of these died in Korea. Both sides signed an armistice in 1953, which left Korea divided along the 38th parallel, much as it had been before 1950. Over half a century later, the situation still remains the same, although recently there have been some signs of more cooperation between the two Koreas. Unfortunately, this has not happened to the degree hoped for.
  9. 19. formed by a treaty in 1957. Under this treaty Canada and the US jointly share responsibility for the air defense of North America. Formed at the height of the Cold War, its original purpose was to defend North America from a Soviet attack using planes carrying nuclear bombs. Later, the threat came from missiles with nuclear warheads. Today, NORAD stands for North American Aerospace Command.
  10. 21. Used by the United Nations to maintain peace in a previous war zone. Sometimes, peacekeepers are used after a civil war, such as Cyprus, or after an international conflict, such as between Israel and Egypt. The responsibility of peacekeeping soldiers is to keep two sides apart and prevent any further conflict. The first major UN peacekeeping force was established after the Suez Crisis of 1956. Lester Pearson, Canada's Minister of External Affairs at that time, suggested a peacekeeping force be created, and was later awarded the Nobel Peace Price for this endeavour. Between 1956 and 2000 Canada contributed to every UN peacekeeping force. Since that time, however, Canada's role in UN peacekeeping has diminished considerably.
  11. 22. Built by the East Germans in 1961, the wall surrounded the City of West Berlin, thus making escape to West Germany by East German citizens much more difficult. The wall became the symbol of the Cold War, and its removal, in November 1989, symbolically signaled the end of the Cold War.
  12. 23. The division between the democratic countries of Western Europe and the communist countries of Eastern Europe. The term was first used by Winston Churchill to describe the situation in Europe after the Second World War when there was no communication and no knowledge about what was happening in the countries under the influence of the Soviet Union.
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  1. 1. During a civil war, the majority Hutus massacred approximately 800 000 of the minority Tutsi people in the small central African country of Rwanda. Canadian General Romeo Dallaire was the commander of a small UN peacekeeping force. His calls for a larger force were ignored and the genocide took place. This lack of action is considered to be one of the UN's greatest failures in peacekeeping.
  2. 2. Term used to describe both the USA and the USSR between 1945 and 1989 when both countries had military power far in excess of any other nation.
  3. 3. From 1948-1957 served as Canada's Minister of External Affairs. He served as President of the UNs General Assembly, and nearly became the Secretary General. In 1956, during the Suez Crisis, it was his work that created a United Nations peacekeeping force which was sent to the Middle East. For this he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957. He became leader of the Liberal Party in 1957, but lost the election to john Diefenbaker in 1958. From 1963 to 1968, however, he led two minority governments as Prime Minister. During his time in office, the new Canadian flag was introduced, as were the Canada Health Act, the Student Loan Plan, the Canada Pension Plan, and "colour blind immigration".
  4. 4. Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded neighbouring Kuwait in August 1990. The United Nations subsequently approved the use of force to evict the Iraqi forces. Canada joined the American-led coalition that defeated the Iraqi forces between January 17 and February 28, 1991. Canada provided three warships and 26 aircraft, together with other smaller units of the armed forces. The force, which was over 4000 strong, suffered no casualties.
  5. 5. A string of US-built radar stations built across the Canadian Arctic during the 1950s to detect a surprise Soviet attack over the North Pole.
  6. 7. Founded in 1955. The military alliance of Eastern European Communist states, led by the Soviet Union.
  7. 9. A cipher clerk at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa who defected to the West in 1945. He had proof that the Soviets were spying on the west in order to obtain atomic secrets-one of the first events of the Cold War.
  8. 10. Progressive Conservative Prime Minister of Canada from 1984-1993. Noted for the establishment of the Free Trade Agreement with the US in 1989, and the subsequent formation of NAFTA. He also attempted to bring Quebec into the constitutional process with the Meech Lake Accord of 1987, and the Charlottetown Accord of 1992. Both of these attempts, however, ultimately failed the ratification process.
  9. 14. More than 120 countries have signed a treaty that bans the use of land mines. Land mines have been responsible for the maiming or death of hundreds or thousands of civilians (often children) long after an actual war is over. Unfortunately, both the USA and Russia have refused to sign the treaty, which was instigated by Canada's Lloyd Axworthy when he was Canada's foreign minister during the 1990's.
  10. 15. An American defensive missile deployed by Canadian forces during the 1960's. The purchase of these missiles created controversy because the missiles were meant to be armed with nuclear warheads. The Conservative Diefenbaker government decided not to use the nuclear warheads. During the 1963 federal election campaign, Lester Pearson's Liberal Party promised to acquire the warheads. After its election victory, the new Liberal government purchased the nuclear warheads making Canada very much part of the nuclear rivalry during the Cold War with the Soviet Union.
  11. 20. This name refers to the political and military rivalry between the West (USA and allies) and the Communist Bloc (USSR and allies) from the after the Second World War to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. In many ways an ideological conflict between capitalism and communism, the rivalry led to a large-scale nuclear arms race. Canada played an integral part in the conflict in part because of its geographical location between the two super powers. We were a founding member of NATO in 1949 and joined with the USA to form NORAD in 1957.