computer

4. The suffix at the end of a filename (e.g., .exe, .pdf) that tells the OS which application should open it.
6. Command Line Interface A text-based interface where users type instructions for the OS to execute.
8. A specialized program that allows the OS to communicate with specific hardware (like a printer or a mouse).
10. A virtual container within a digital file system used to organize files and other folders.
12. The central part of an operating system that manages the operations of the computer and the hardware.
13. The process of reducing the size of a file or folder to save storage space or make it easier to send.
15. A feature of an OS that allows a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages by temporarily transferring data from RAM to disk storage.
17. The initial set of operations that a computer system performs when electrical power is switched on.
18. Permanent software programmed into a hardware device's read-only memory to help it operate.

1. The process of converting information or data into a code to prevent unauthorized access.
2. A model where data is stored on remote servers accessed from the internet, managed by system software.
3. A maintenance utility designed to free up disk space by deleting temporary or unnecessary files.
4. The method and data structure that an operating system uses to control how data is stored and retrieved.
5. update patches or upgrades provided by the developer to fix bugs, improve security, or add new features.
7. Graphical User Interface A visual way of interacting with a computer using items such as windows, icons, and menus.
9. The process of reorganizing files on a hard drive so that data is stored in contiguous blocks, improving speed.
11. System (OS): The primary software that manages all hardware and other software on a computer (e.g., Windows, macOS, ChromeOS).
14. The ability of an operating system to execute more than one program or task at the same time.
16. Programs designed to help analyze, configure, optimize, or maintain a computer.
17. Basic Input/Output System The specific firmware used to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs and to perform hardware initialization during the booting process.