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  1. 4. Chemotherapy aims to shrink ____ cell populations, which accumulate mutations as they rapidly proliferate.
  2. 6. An activation of EBV in the patient’s body led ___ to start replicating and translating the virus’s DNA in the cytoplasm of the host cell.
  3. 8. This is a deletion of the middle portion of a chromosome which may result in the production of a fusion protein.
  4. 18. These are pancreatic cells that produce insulin and are sustained through the diffusion of nutrients from surrounding microvessels.
  5. 19. Vinyl chloride is a carcinogen found in the ___ industry.
  6. 23. Neurofibromas result from the transformation of Schwann cells, which are part of the ___.
  7. 25. This is a condition that may result in an increase in organ/tissue size due to proliferating cells.
  8. 26. This does not generally form polyps because this type of cancer usually spreads/develops very fast.
  9. 29. Invading cells can hitch a ride on these and gain access to the lymphatic and circulatory systems.
  10. 31. Alterations in this protein’s expression affects vesicle trafficking, causing cells to gain motility, thus giving individuals a higher predisposition to cancer.
  11. 32. Another name for the cells that make up the connective tissue of the body’s nervous system.
  12. 33. This is secreted by enterochromaffin cells. Excessive secretion may cause an individual to experience diarrhea and dehydration.
  13. 37. When these cells are transformed, they can result in benign growths called neurofibromas in the PNS.
  14. 39. Enzymes that degrade the ECM around hyperplastic cells as they flip the angiogenic switch.
  15. 40. Type of cytokine involved in paraneoplastic syndromes.
  16. 42. The survival rate of small cell carcinoma is unfortunately very ___.
  17. 48. A compound that facilitates a neoplastic clone to invade/metastasize to other areas by breaking down the stroma.
  18. 51. This is the buildup of dense fibrous tissue in the body due to paracrine signaling.
  19. 53. A rare inherited autosomal ___ mutation can often predispose individuals to a single type of cancer that usually occurs at elevated frequencies in relatives. One example is breast cancer.
  20. 54. This is secreted by epithelial cells when tissue is wounded, which then signals fibroblasts to reconstruct that tissue.
  21. 56. A process that occurs during the remodeling phase of normal wound healing, in which a mature somatic cell of one type becomes another type.
  22. 58. This is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the immune system.
  23. 59. Cancer site of lowest risk in the UK.
  24. 62. A transcription factor that increases the expression of cyclin-D genes when it is upregulated.
  25. 63. In the ileocecal valve carcinoid case study, tumor nests were found in this layer of the ileocecal valve.
  26. 65. A type of cell atrophy that occurs in the stomach and is usually associated with H. pylori.
  27. 66. The expression of these factors allows for the survival of normal cells during low oxygen conditions.
  28. 68. Bone cells that work during bone repair, specifically to break down old tissue.
  29. 70. This type of cell is found in the small intestines.
Down
  1. 1. A proliferating mass of cells which may be benign or malignant.
  2. 2. True or false? A mutation may cause a TAC to convert back into a stem cell, disrupting cellular evolution.
  3. 3. A type of protease that characterizes the PRSS3 gene.
  4. 5. Cells in the intestinal glands secrete this substance.
  5. 7. Adenomas originate in this area.
  6. 9. See attached image. This process is an example of ___.
  7. 10. A DNA virus that persists as episomes and may lead to Kaposi’s sarcoma.
  8. 11. This type of cancer has a bimodal age distribution.
  9. 12. A type of cell that is secreted during chronic inflammation which typically suppresses the function of T-cells.
  10. 13. Germ line stem cells are ___-potent, meaning that they continue, throughout their lifetimes, to produce just one cell type.
  11. 14. A neuropeptide implicated in paraneoplastic syndrome that causes flushing.
  12. 15. An embryonic protein that is secreted during various types of cancers (hepatic, colonic, rectal, pancreatic, and gastric). It is characteristic of de-differentiated and aggressive carcinomas.
  13. 16. An occupational factor that serves as an agent of carcinogenesis.
  14. 17. To test for tumorigenicity in vivo, the ___ model is used.
  15. 20. This is a type of tumor that arises from neuroendocrine cells.
  16. 21. An endoparasite associated with bladder cancer.
  17. 22. A hormone that reduces the risk of breast cancer in women.
  18. 24. The ___ Core Lesion is a sign of wounding localized in the lumen of the descending colon. This is detected by conducting a barium enema.
  19. 27. Prefix signifying the ileum.
  20. 28. A deficiency in ___ acid may contribute to the onset of colon cancer.
  21. 30. This is the mutation that results in the mutated allele overriding the wild type allele.
  22. 34. This is a type of cancer that begins in connective tissue, like cartilage.
  23. 35. In the uterine cervix, the immature dividing cells produced from the stratum basale secrete this molecule.
  24. 36. Gram negative bacteria responsible for nosocomial respiratory infections.
  25. 38. Death of a tissue, due to excessive cell death. This may be triggered by low blood flow, cell damage, or disease.
  26. 41. The domain on tyrosine kinase receptors that contains catalytic activity.
  27. 43. These cells are associated with neurons releasing hormones into the blood, to stimulate other cells.
  28. 44. See attached image. These images contain a common structure called a ___.
  29. 45. This is the name for the translocation that takes place between chromosomes 9 and 22.
  30. 46. The ___ Border is where normal skin and lip meet.
  31. 47. An endogenous stressor, characterized by reduced oxygenation to tissues, that contributes to the onset of cancer.
  32. 49. Excessive intake of this substance contributes to the dominance of stomach cancer in Japan.
  33. 50. Benzene, a notable carcinogen, is an aromatic chemical compound also known as an ___.
  34. 52. A vein that cancers use to travel to the liver and then, the brain.
  35. 55. A type of cell in the stroma that secretes collagen and other fibers.
  36. 57. Another name for Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11.
  37. 60. A benign tumor that occurs in the secretory epithelium.
  38. 61. Spindle shaped cells frequently seen in sarcomas.
  39. 64. In recent history, this carcinogenic predisposed the British demographic to skin or lung carcinoma.
  40. 67. A prefix meaning “muscle.”
  41. 69. Localized areas of hyperkeratosis associated with a very high risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.