Across
- 3. One of the leading theories of criminal opportunity based on the assumption that crime can be reduced by pinpointing and blocking the forces that facilitate would-be offenders’ criminal acts.
- 6. School of thought that posits that crime is caused by environmental or geographic forces.
- 8. Used the criminal statistics that were beginning to become available in the 1820s to create early crime maps.
- 11. Assumes that the purpose of punishing criminals is to reform or resocialize them to conventional, law-abiding values.
- 13. The societal counterpart of individual revenge.
- 15. Assumes that supernatural forces cause and control crime commission.
- 16. The prevention of crime by keeping criminals behind bars for longer periods.
- 18. This society preaches that all members of the tribe should be able to become successful if they perform well as undergraduates.
- 20. Refers to the working class in Marx’s writings.
- 21. In this justification, the purpose of punishment is not to obtain revenge or deter or change the criminal; rather, it is the attempt to protect society from criminals and, in so doing, to reinforce group solidarity.
- 22. Proposes that offenders weight the opportunities, costs, and benefits of particular crimes.
- 23. A plausible explanation of a given reality.
- 24. Marx’s term for the capitalists or owners of industry.
Down
- 1. The assumption that the criminal is a racial actor and will be deterred by more severe and certain punishment.
- 2. Quetelet’s theory that violent crime increases toward the equator.
- 4. A practical philosophical view that claims that “we should always act so as to produce the greatest possible ratio of good to evil for all concerned.”
- 5. The first scientific criminologist and is the father of modern sociological and psychological statistics.
- 7. Contained in the writings of Beccaria and Bentham, these theories assume that criminals are rational actors who weigh the pleasure and pain of an activity.
- 9. This word, from the Latin word “luna,” or moon, indicates the belief that human minds can be affected by phases of the moon.
- 10. Refers to the belief that perceived punishment will serve as a warning and inhibit individuals and groups from involvement in criminal activity.
- 12. New classical theories that view crime as influenced by criminal opportunities to commit crime.
- 14. Influenced by the writings of Karl Marx and views inequality and capitalism as the causes of crime.
- 17. The branch of biology that deals with the interrelationships between organisms and their environment.
- 19. A pleasure-seeking philosophy.