Across
- 1. Shaw and McKay’s theory that crime is due to social disorganization and social breakdown of an area.
- 3. Sutherland’s theory that crime is learned due to exposure to an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior.
- 6. Describes five possible modes of personality adaptation that represent types of adjustments to societal means and goals; part of an adapted theory of anomie.
- 12. People become criminal when their stakes in society are broken.
- 13. Theories that emphasize criminality as a learned or culturally transmitted process and are presented as an outgrowth of the Chicago school of sociology.
- 21. Rationalizations (excuses) used by juveniles to explain away responsibility for their actions.
- 22. Theories are an attempt to track the onset, persistence, and desistance of criminal behavior.
- 25. Theories that view the type of crime as due to various forms of delinquent subcultures.
- 26. Perceived as a status (definition) as well as a behavior (pathology).
- 27. Cohen’s theory that delinquency involves a lower-class reaction to unachievable middle-class values.
- 28. Cooley’s theory of personality as a perceived perception of the reaction of others.
- 29. Espouse the belief that criminal activity changes over an individual’s lifetime from onset to persistence to desistance.
- 30. In life course criminality theory, the quitting or cessation of criminal activity.
- 31. His general strain theory (GST) views strain as a more general phenomenon than the discrepancy between aspirations and expectations.
- 32. Reckless’ theory that crime takes place when pressures are high and containments (protections) are low.
- 33. Theory which proposes that the probability of crime varies by time, place, and social setting.
Down
- 2. Matza’s theory that delinquents exist in a limbo wherein they drift back and forth between delinquency and conventionality.
- 4. A moral confusion or breakdown in mores or a gap between goals and means in society.
- 5. Theories that indicate that certain forces have an influence but do not determine behavior.
- 7. View crime as taking place when social control or bonds to society break down.
- 8. The study of the interrelationship between human organisms and the physical environment.
- 9. Theory that proposes that the increase in durable and portable goods was related to the increase in crime in the 1960s and 1970s.
- 10. Posits that previous behavior causes subsequent behavior and contains elements of a soft social determinism.
- 11. In egalitarian households, both boys and girls have more similar delinquency levels.
- 14. Cloward and Ohlin’s theory that crime takes place due to a lack of legitimate opportunity and is also due to the availability of illegitimate opportunities.
- 15. The father of the anomie tradition.
- 16. Underground values that exist alongside conventional values.
- 17. Combines elements of classical, positivistic, and social control theories; proposes that low self-control in the pursuit of self-interest causes crime.
- 18. Miller’s theory of crime that reflects an overemphasis on lower-class values.
- 19. Farrington’s notion that bad life events increase one’s antisocial disposition.
- 20. According to the Chicago school, these are subcommunities that emerge to serve specific, specialized functions.
- 23. A school of sociology in the 1920s and 1930s that produced many urban ecological and ethnographic studies of Chicago.
- 24. A problem in which group rates are used in order to describe individual behavior.