Criminology Chapter 2

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Across
  1. 1. Positivism uses the ______method to study criminality.
  2. 4. results from forces beyond the individual’s control.
  3. 5. The repetition of criminal behavior by those already involved in
  4. 7. Bentham also designed a model prison, the _____ House.
  5. 8. Believed the pain of punishment must outweigh the pleasure derived from the crime.
  6. 9. ____ of crime suggests that crime is rewarding to offenders because it is exciting and feels good.
  7. 11. For punishment to be an effective _____, it must be swift, certain, and severe enough to outweigh the rewards of the crime.
  8. 14. The activities approach claims that crime is likely to occur when a motivated offender and a
  9. 15. Cesare Beccaria's Essay on Crime and Punishment influenced the writing of what U.S. document?
  10. 18. One reason the criminal justice system seems so ineffective in preventing crime is because few ___ are arrested.
  11. 20. Just deserts is the ______ model that refers to the notion that the offender deserves the punishment s/he receives at the hands of the law.
  12. 22. Beccaria's view was the purpose of punishment should be deterrence rather than ____.
  13. 23. This theory links victimization risks to the daily routine of people.
Down
  1. 2. School of criminology that believes if an individual chooses to violate the law, s/he deserves punishment and must be punished.
  2. 3. One component of an incapacitation strategy.
  3. 6. the need for criminal opportunity and emphasizes the use of situational crime prevention strategies
  4. 7. Both classical and neoclassical thought emphasizes ____.
  5. 10. Type of choice theory that believes criminals make a conscious, rational, and at least partially informed choice to commit crime after weighing the costs and benefits of available alternatives.
  6. 12. Type of incapacitation that removes dangerous people/groups from society.
  7. 13. Type of criminology that believes that
  8. 16. Beccaria condemned the use of ____.
  9. 17. Person who believed punishment based on the degree injury caused, felt that the purpose of punishment should be deterrence (rather than retribution), and saw punishment as a tool to an end (crime prevention), rather than an end in itself.
  10. 19. target come together in the absence of a capable guardian (someone who effectively discourages crime).
  11. 21. The Death Penalty is a ______ punishment.