Across
- 3. – The systematic approach to research, detailing the techniques, procedures, and rationale for data collection and analysis (Babbie, 2020).
- 6. – Factors or characteristics that can change or be manipulated in research, classified as independent (cause) and dependent (effect) (Field, 2018).
- 8. – A structured approach or model used to support research by providing theoretical or conceptual guidance (Maxwell, 2013).
- 10. – Raw facts, numbers, or information collected through research methods for analysis and interpretation (Creswell, 2018).
- 11. – The opening section of a research paper that provides background information, defines the research problem, and outlines objectives (Creswell & Creswell, 2018).
- 13. – A controlled research method used to test hypotheses by manipulating one or more variables while keeping others constant (Campbell & Stanley, 1963).
- 14. – A reference to a source of information used in research, formatted according to a specific style (e.g., APA, MLA) to give credit to original authors (Pears & Shields, 2019).
- 15. – The process of selecting a subset of individuals or data points from a larger population for research purposes (Kumar, 2019).
- 16. – The consistency and repeatability of a research measurement or method over time and across different contexts (Bryman, 2015).
- 19. – The process of making research findings available to the public through journals, books, or online platforms (Day, Gastel, & Buchanan, 2012).
Down
- 1. – A set of moral principles and guidelines that govern the conduct of individuals and organizations, ensuring integrity, fairness, and respect in research and professional practices (Resnik, 2020).
- 2. – A research approach that focuses on non-numerical data, such as words, experiences, and observations, to explore meanings and social phenomena (Creswell & Poth, 2018).
- 4. – A collection of existing research, theories, and academic writings related to a specific topic, often reviewed to provide context for new studies (Ridley, 2012).
- 5. – A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables, often used as the basis for scientific research (Popper, 2002).
- 7. – A research approach that focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis to measure relationships and test hypotheses (Neuman, 2014).
- 8. – The results or conclusions derived from data analysis, often presented as evidence to support or reject a hypothesis (Creswell & Poth, 2018).
- 9. – The final section of a research study that summarizes key findings, discusses implications, and suggests future research directions (Silverman, 2020).
- 12. – The process of systematically examining and interpreting data to identify patterns, relationships, and insights (Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, 2019).
- 17. – A research method that involves collecting data from a sample of respondents through questionnaires or interviews to gather information about opinions, behaviors, or characteristics (Fowler, 2013).
- 18. – The extent to which a research method or instrument accurately measures what it is intended to measure (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2018).