Across
- 4. energy of movement; includes light heat mechanical movement and electricity
- 5. a pair of reactions 1 exergonic and endergonic that are linked together such that the energy produced by the exergonic reaction provides the energy needed to drive the endergonic reaction
- 6. in enzyme mediated chemical reactions the condition in which the product of a reaction inhibits 1+ of the enzymes involved in synthesizing the product
- 8. a disk-shaped membranous sac found in chloroplasts the membranes of which contain the photosystems and ATP-synthesizing enzymes used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
- 9. initial reactions of glucose metabolism in eukaryotic cells in which glucose breaks into pyruvate capturing energy in two molecules of ATP. If oxygen is absent this process is followed by fermentation.
- 11. a red orange or yellow pigment found in chloroplasts that serves as an accessory light-gathering molecule in thylakoid photosystems
- 12. process by which 2+ molecules that are somewhat similar in structure compete for the active site of an enzyme
- 13. the space between the inner and outer membrane of a mitochondria.
- 14. region of an enzyme molecule that binds substrates and performs the catalytic function of the enzyme
- 16. “stored” energy normally chemical energy or energy of position within a gravitational field
- 17. a molecule composed of the sugar ribose the base adenine and 2 phosphate groups; component of ATP
- 18. a series of electron carrier molecules found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and the inner membrane of mitochondria that extract energy from electrons and generate ATP or other energetic molecules
- 20. protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions
- 22. physic laws that define the basic properties and behavior of energy
- 24. principle of physics: within any isolated system energy can be neither created nor destroyed but can we converted from one form to another
- 25. principle of physics: any change in an isolated system causes the quantity of concentrated useful energy to decrease and the amount of randomness and disorder(entropy) to increase
- 27. atoms or molecules that are the reactants for an enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction
- 31. measure of the amount of randomness and disorder in a system
- 32. a two stage carbon-fixation pathway; the series of reactions in certain plants that fixes carbon dioxide into oxaloacetic acid which is later broken down for use in C3 cycle of photosynthesis
- 35. a series of reactions that occur under aerobic conditions and produce a large quantity of ATP while breaking down the pyruvate generated by glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water.
- 38. a pigment found in chloroplasts that captures light energy during photosynthesis; absorbs violet blue and red light but reflects green light
- 40. an adjustable opening in the epidermis of a leaf surrounded by a pair of guard cells that regulates the diffusion of carbon dioxide and water into and out of the leaf
- 41. pertaining to a chemical reaction that liberates energy (either heat or increased entropy); “downhill” reaction
- 42. molecule that can reversibly gain or lose electrons. Electron carriers generally accepted high energy electrons produced during an exergonic reaction and donate the electrons to acceptor molecules that use the energy to drive endergonic reactions
- 43. in thylakoid membranes a light-harvesting complex and its associated electron transport system
- 44. the process by which a gradient of hydrogen ions is produced and then allowed to run down capturing energy in the bonds of ATP molecules.
- 45. in the light-harvesting complex of a photosystem the chlorophyll molecule to which light energy is transferred by the antenna molecules (light-absorbing pigments); the captured energy ejects an electron from the reaction center chlorophyll and the electron is transferred to the electron transport system
- 46. an atom or molecule that is used in a chemical reaction to form a product
- 47. capacity to do work
- 48. an organic molecule that is bound to certain enzymes and is required for enzymes’ proper functioning a nucleotide bound to a water soluble vitamin
- 50. process where enzyme action is advanced or inhibited by small organic molecules that act as regulators by binding to the enzyme and altering its active site
- 51. acetyl CoA combines with a four carbon molecule to form a six carbon molecule called citrate. Produces two carbon dioxides one ATP three NADH and one FADH2 per acetyl CoA.
Down
- 1. a series of reactions in plants in which O2 replaces CO2 during the C3 cycle preventing carbon fixation; this wasteful process dominates when C3 plants are forced to close their stomata to prevent water loss
- 2. the second stage of photosynthesis in which the energy obtained by the light- dependent reactions is used to fix carbon dioxide into carbohydrates; occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts
- 3. sequence of chemical reactions within a cell in which the products of one reaction are the reactants for the next reaction
- 7. the first stage of photosynthesis in which the energy of light is captured as ATP and NADPH; occurs in thylakoids of chloroplasts
- 10. the process that forms and breaks chemical bonds that hold atoms together
- 15. the smallest unit of light energy
- 19. in a chemical reaction the energy needed to force electron shells of reactant together prior to the formation of products
- 21. a gel like material in the mitochondria in which cellular respiration takes place.
- 23. a molecule composed of the sugar ribose the base adenine and 3 phosphate groups; the major energy carrier in cells last 2 phosphate groups attached by “high energy” bonds
- 26. molecule that stores energy in “high energy” chemical bonds and releases the energy to drive coupled endothermic reactions. In cells ATP is the most common energy carrier molecule
- 28. pertaining to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed; an “uphill” reaction
- 29. sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a single cell or within all the cells of a multicellular organism
- 30. the cyclic series of reactions whereby carbon dioxide is fixed into carbohydrates during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis; also called Calvin-Benson cycle
- 33. substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed in the process; lowers the activation energy of a reaction
- 34. a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen. The products are organic acids gases or alcohol.
- 35. same as C3 cycle
- 36. an atom or molecule that is formed from reactants in a chemical reaction
- 37. the initial steps in the C3 cycle in which carbon dioxide reacts with ribulose biphosphate to form a stable organic molecule
- 39. the complete series of chemical reactions in which the energy of light is used to synthesize high-energy organic molecules normally carbohydrates from low-energy inorganic molecules normally carbon dioxide and water.
- 49. the semi-fluid material inside chloroplasts in which the grana are embedded