CRT 110 - Review of Anatomy and Physiology

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Across
  1. 1. the _______ nerve provides the parasympathetic pathway to the heart, via both pre and post-ganglionic nerves.
  2. 4. atrial repolarisation is typically hidden within the ________.
  3. 9. _________, a factor contributing to stroke volume, is influenced by venous blood volume, venous tone, and atrial kick.
  4. 10. ejection fraction = stroke volume / ____ (acronym)
  5. 11. along with hematocrit, __________ _________ can also influence blood viscosity.
  6. 13. blood viscosity is influenced by ________ and plasma protein levels.
  7. 14. the neurotransmitter used by the parasymathetic nervous system when stimulated is?
  8. 16. _______ drugs and molecules affect the heart rate. eg norepinepherine.
  9. 18. collects blood from coronary veins and delivers to the right atrium.
  10. 19. the _________ _______ is an important gland that affects sympathetic nervous system
  11. 22. preload is the amount of _________ on the myocytes.
  12. 25. hematocrit is the ratio of ____ (acronym) to the total blood volume
  13. 27. the main regulator for the autonomic nervous system
  14. 29. the __________ nervous system signals travel from the brain to the heart via the vagus nerve
  15. 30. pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - measured in the pulmonary artery, represents the pressure in the ____ _____ .
  16. 33. QT interval indicated the time from the beginning of the QRS to the ___ of the T wave
  17. 35. ____ heart rates can lead to inadequate ventricular filling, insufficient O2 supply.
  18. 36. very little blood volume leads to an _________ in resistance due to blood vessel contriction.
  19. 39. _____________ can increase resistance by narrowing vessel diameter. over time this increases cardiac workload and can lead to HF
  20. 40. the QT interval reflects the ventricular __________ period
  21. 42. the response to noradrenaline produced by the adrenal medulla is controlled by _____ adrenoceptors on the cardiac tissue
  22. 44. too high or low blood _______ can increase workload to heart and is a challenging factor in HF management
  23. 46. the left vagus nerve innervates the __ node
  24. 48. _________ __________ a remote nerve centre in the thoracic cavity
  25. 49. the heart weighs about 280-350_______
  26. 51. the right vagus nerve innervates the __ node
  27. 53. the heart beats around 60-80bpm or 100________ times per day
  28. 54. the heart spends ___ third of the time in systole, and 2/3 in diastole
  29. 55. _________ of the valve occurs when the valve is stiff and narrow/limits flow of blood
  30. 56. the ___________ nerves that affect the heart pass through segments of the spinal cord T2-T4
  31. 59. __________ drugs affect the contracility of the heart
Down
  1. 2. the amount of resistance the left ventricle has to overcome
  2. 3. the ________-__________ law describes the relationship between cardiac myocyte stretch and stroke volume. it describes preload.
  3. 5. ________ _______ standardises the cardiac output for a persons size.
  4. 6. valve ___________ aka regurgitation occurs when the valve fails to close properly
  5. 7. normal preload is indicated by an end diastolic index of 60-110cc. true or false?
  6. 8. the most influential factor that affects blood flow
  7. 12. the most accurate way to measure blood pressure is using an intracardiac catheter that measures ____ ____ ____ ____.
  8. 15. the PR interval measures atrial to ventricular __________ ________.
  9. 17. the duration of PR interval is normally 120-200ms in length. true or false?
  10. 20. _________ drugs affect the speed of conduction in the pathways of the heart
  11. 21. acetylcholine acts on ___________ receptors (parasymathetic)
  12. 23. ___________ of blood vessels is the bodys physiological response to low blood volume, is it tries to maintain an adequate blood pressure.
  13. 24. the heart circulates the entire volume of blood _______ times per minute through the body.
  14. 26. the factors that affect _______ ______ are preload, afterload and contractility
  15. 28. ________ __________ relays messages from hypothalamus to spinal cord
  16. 31. % of blood ejected per contraction
  17. 32. _________ can increase hematocrit, increasing blood viscosity and therefore resistance.
  18. 34. the adrenal glands produce norephinepherine aka _______
  19. 37. one of the factors determining stroke volume, which refers to the ability of the heart muscles to contract or shorten, producing force.
  20. 38. CI=CO/ ____ _____ ________. less than 2.5 l/min/m2 leads to poor oxygen perfusion.
  21. 41. _____________ neurons are sympathetic fibres that are downstream from the paravertebral ganglia.
  22. 43. strong vagal stimulation can produce temporary __ _____
  23. 45. the anterior view of the heart gives a good view of the _______ (acronym for 3 worded coronary vessel)
  24. 47. cardiac index = _____ _______ / body surface are = 2.5-4.2 l/min/m2
  25. 50. ejection fraction is normally 55-______%
  26. 52. if the ________ valve is working normally, the pressure in the Left atrium at the end of diastole (using an intracardiac catheter) is thought to be the same as the left ventricular end diastolic pressure (preload)
  27. 57. normal QRS is ______ - 120ms
  28. 58. the human body contains about ______ litres of blood