Across
- 4. Relatively greater amounts and forms of knowledge, awareness, and thought about something that go beyond the usual. This term was coined by Levy to refer to cultures that create (hypercognize) many words to differentiate many different emotional states.
- 9. Problems associated with learning a foreign language, such as taking more time to respond and experiencing cognitive difficulties while processing information.
- 12. Nonverbal gestures that carry meaning, like a phrase or sentence.
- 13. Communication that occurs among people of the same cultural background.
- 15. The meanings that encoders intend to convey and decoders interpret.
- 19. Cultures that promote direct communication in which messages are conveyed primarily and directly in verbal languages and the effects of context are minimized.
- 21. The use of touch in interpersonal interactions.
- 22. The smallest and most basic units of sound in a language.
- 24. What words mean.
- 25. The specific sensory modalities by which signals are sent and messages are retrieved.
- 26. The system of rules governing how language is used and understood in given social contexts.
- 28. The exchange of knowledge, ideas, thoughts, concepts, and emotions among people of different cultural backgrounds.
- 29. Aspects of the voice that convey information, such as tone, intonation, pitch, speech rate, use of silence.
- 31. Culturally prescribed rules that govern how emotions should be perceived.
- 32. Speech styles in certain languages that denote status differences among interactants.
- 33. Cultures that promote communication in which many messages are conveyed indirectly in context rather than directly in verbal language.
Down
- 1. Nonverbal behaviors, often gestures, that accompany speech and are used to illustrate or highlight speech.
- 2. One of the major goals of initial intercultural encounters—to reduce the level of uncertainty and anxiety that one feels when attempting to decode intercultural messages.
- 3. Relatively fewer amounts and forms of knowledge, awareness, and thought about something compared to the usual. This term was coined by Levy to refer to cultures that lack (hypocognize) words to differentiate emotional states.
- 5. The system of rules governing how words should sound (pronunciation, “accent”) in a given language.
- 6. The process by which people select, consciously or unconsciously, a particular modality and method by which to create and send a message to someone else.
- 7. The words contained in a language, the vocabulary.
- 8. The use of space in interpersonal relationships.
- 10. The process by which a person receives signals from an encoder and translates those signals into meaningful messages.
- 11. The proposition that speakers of different languages think differently, and that they do so because of the differences in their languages. Also referred to as linguistic relativity.
- 14. The smallest and most basic units of meaning in a language.
- 16. The system of rules governing word forms and how words should be strung together to form meaningful utterances.
- 17. The process by which bilinguals switch between one cultural meaning system and another when switching languages.
- 18. The public appearance or image of a person.
- 20. behaviors All the dynamic behaviors, other than words, that convey messages, including facial expressions; movements and gestures of hands, arms, and legs; posture; vocal characteristics such as pitch, rate, intonation, and silence; interpersonal space; touching behaviors; and gaze and visual attention.
- 23. A Buddhist principle emphasizing close attention to the present moment, being aware of one’s senses, breathing, and thoughts without judgment or evaluation. A strategy to improve intercultural communication that allows people to be conscious of their own habits, mental scripts, and cultural expectations concerning communication. Mindfulness is effective in reducing tension, anxiety, and stress and has been incorporated successfully in cognitive behavioral therapies.
- 27. The specific words and behaviors that are sent during communication that convey messages.
- 30. referents: Terms of address for oneself and others.