CV-Review

3. Effect that enhances heart contractility.
4. -volume: The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle with each contraction (systole).
7. Specialized cell junctions that anchor cardiac muscle cells together; part of intercalated discs.
8. Effect that increases heart rate.
9. One of three factors influencing stroke volume (alongside preload and afterload).
10. Fibers that transmit electrical impulses to ventricular cardiomyocytes for contraction.
11. The pressure against which ventricles must contract to eject blood.
12. The smallest arteries in the body, regulating blood flow into capillaries.
14. Muscles in the ventricular walls that attach to heart valves, aiding their function.
16. Unit of time used in calculating cardiac output
17. Arteries delivering oxygen-rich blood to the head; branches of the aorta.
21. The force exerted by vasculature on circulating blood.
22. Type of capillaries with discontinuous basement membranes and gaps between endothelial cells, found in liver and bone marrow.
24. Node that generates electrical impulses; the heart’s primary pacemaker.
25. Major vein returning deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium.
26. Bundle connecting the AV node to Purkinje fibers, transmitting electrical signals.
27. Cranial nerve carrying parasympathetic fibers to the SA and AV nodes, slowing heart rate.
28. Arteries supplying oxygen-rich blood to the arms; branches of the aorta.

1. Also known as a flap or leaflet, forms part of heart valves.
2. The degree of myocardial stretch at the end of diastole before contraction begins.
4. Division of the autonomic nervous system that increases calcium ion levels in cardiomyocytes, boosting contraction force.
5. Valves (pulmonary and aortic) that prevent backflow into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation.
6. Artery (or trunk) branching into the right subclavian and right common carotid arteries.
9. Tendon-like cords that anchor AV valves to papillary muscles.
13. Law that states that greater end-diastolic volume (EDV) and myocardial stretch result in stronger contractions and higher stroke volume (SV).
14. Phase of a cardiomyocyte action potential where calcium influx balances potassium efflux, corresponds to ST segment
15. Vessels linking arterioles to capillaries, containing precapillary sphincters to regulate flow.
18. Valve that separates the right atrium and right ventricle.
19. Effect that increases conduction velocity through the AV node.
20. Valve that separates the left atrium and left ventricle.
23. The visceral layer of the serous pericardium.