Dark Ages

5. Roman Empire – A medieval empire in central Europe that tried to revive the traditions of the Roman Empire under Christian leadership.
6. – A series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land.
9. – A noble who owned land and had power over vassals and peasants.
11. – A community where monks lived, prayed, and worked, often preserving knowledge and learning.
12. – A religious man who dedicated his life to prayer, study, and work, usually within a monastery.
14. Ages – The period in European history between the fall of Rome and the beginning of the Renaissance, often called the “medieval period.”
15. – The code of conduct knights were expected to follow, stressing loyalty, honor, and protecting the weak.

1. – A person who received land from a lord in exchange for loyalty and military service.
2. – A large estate owned by a noble that included villages, farmland, and peasants.
3. – A social and political system where nobles controlled land and peasants worked it in exchange for protection.
4. – The Frankish king who united much of Western Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE.
7. – A peasant who worked the land for a lord and was bound to the estate.
8. Death – A deadly plague (bubonic plague) that swept through Europe in the 14th century, killing millions.
10. – An association of craftsmen or merchants that controlled trade and set standards for products.
13. – A warrior trained and armed to fight on horseback, often serving a lord.