Across
- 5. the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct.
- 8. rights rights that cannot be taken away from someone
- 10. General a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm summoned by Louis XVI to propose solutions to France's financial problems. It ended when the Third Estate formed into a National Assembly, signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution.
- 12. sovereignty the principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives, who are the source of all political power.
- 14. Contract an implicit agreement among the memberan implicit agreement among the mems of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection.
- 15. a philosophical movement of the 18th century, characterized by belief in the power of human reason and by innovations in political, religious, and educational doctrine.
- 16. Bonaparte A popular general, Napoleon Bonaparte came to power after a coup d'état in 1799. A coupd’état is a sudden seizure and/or shift of power in a country. In this case, Napoleon seized control of France from the Jacobins. He ruled France under a dictatorship.
- 18. Exchange The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of diseases, ideas, food, crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Christo pher Columbus in 1492.
- 19. empire Transoceanic empires that use the ocean and technological advances that eventually led to the colonization of other land and its people.
Down
- 1. government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.
- 2. the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.
- 3. of terror The Reign of Terror, also called the Terror, was a period of state-sanctioned violence and mass executions during the French Revolution. Between Sept. 5, 1793, and July 27, 1794, France's revolutionary government ordered the arrest and execution of thousands of people.
- 4. born a slave in the French colony of Saint Domingue (later named Haiti), was well educated and skilled in military matters and politics. He led the people of Haiti into revolution against the French.
- 6. Nzinga the monarch of the Mbundu people, was a resilient leader who fought against the Portuguese and their expanding slave trade in Central Africa.
- 7. the sudden, violent overthrow of an existing government by a small group.
- 9. of Exploration beginning in the 1400s and continuing through the 1600s, it was a period of time when the European nations began “exploring” the world. They identified new routes to India, much of the Far East, and the Americas.
- 11. slave trade The transatlantic slave trade was an oceanic trade in African men, women, and children which lasted from the mid-sixteenth century until the 1860s. The trafficking was initiated by the Portuguese and Spanish especially after the settlement of sugar plantations in the Americas.
- 13. of rights Comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. The first 10 amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. James Madison wrote the amendments, which list specific prohibitions on governmental power, in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties.
- 17. Robespierre Robespierre led as a dictator and used fear to control the people of France. His rule became known as the Reign of Terror. Robespierre killed anyone who opposed his ideas.