Across
- 2. Processing error that causes a straight white border on film.
- 4. A thin coating over the delicate emulsion to protect it.
- 7. Radiation encountered in daily living arising from natural and artificial sources.
- 8. Processing error that causes white spots on a film.
- 11. The force that moves the electrons.
- 13. Fill in the Blank: Radio waves are ______________ than Dental x-ray waves.
- 16. The invisible image that can not be seen on a film until it is processed with chemicals.
- 18. The last A in ALARA stands for what?
- 21. The majority of artificial radiation is from what?
- 26. Film size for occlusal images.
- 27. Fill in the Blank: To ___________ an electron from its shell/orbit, energy that is greater than or equal to the binding energy of the specific shell is needed.
- 28. One hundred rem is equal to one what?
- 29. The tube side of the film outer package wrapping is usually this color.
- 30. The amount of radiation absorbed by an object.
- 32. Formed when atoms combine with one another.
- 33. The probability of the occurence of damage from radiation increases with dose but the severity is not dependent on the dose.
- 34. What structure rests in the glenoid fossa when the teeth are in centric occlusion?
- 36. This is determined by the size of silver halide crystals in the film, the thickness of the emulsion, and the presence of radiosensitive dyes.
- 39. An atom with a balanced number of protons and neutrons is considered to be what?
- 42. What color is should a safelight be?
- 45. Fill in the Blank: Silver halide crystals __________ radiation.
- 46. What kind of charge do electrons have?
- 50. Shape of PID that reduces the patients exposure.
- 53. Film size for extra long bitewings.
- 56. What kind of charge do protons have?
- 57. The principle that means that even if it is a small dose, if receiving that dose has no direct benefit, you should try to avoid it.
- 59. The smallest component of an element.
- 60. Scatter radiation created because primary beams are interacting with an object.
- 64. What type of charge do neutrons have?
- 66. radiation that occurs when electrons from the cathode dislodge electrons from the inner orbital shell of the tungsten atoms.
- 68. Radiation exposure that injures the future generation.
- 69. Type of scatter radiation where the photons interact with an outer shell electron but the matter is not altered and the photon continues to travel with no loss of energy.
- 71. Sheet located behind the film in the film packet that shields it from scatter radiation.
- 73. A 0.2mm thick piece of polyester plastic that provides stable support for the emulsion.
- 76. This characteristic of an object in front of the beam will determine how much radiation will reach the film emulsion.
- 78. Fill in the Blank: The _________ the orbit is to the nucleus the stronger the bond.
- 79. The type of light that exposes extraoral films to create an image.
- 80. The quantity of ionization in the air that is measured at the skin surface before the radiation penetrates the tissues.
- 82. L in ALARA stands for what?
- 83. This orbit has the highest binding energy and is the most useful for medical imaging.
- 86. Bundle of energy.
- 87. The film speed is determined by what characteristic of the silver halide crystals?
- 88. A narrow space that separates the lateral pterygoid plate and the maxilla.
- 92. Converts the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver and softens the film emulsion.
- 96. Radiation effects seen in months, years or decades after exposure.
- 97. This stops the film development process and removes the developer from the film.
- 98. Step that removes all excess chemicals from the film emulsion.
- 99. Structure that appears as a radiopaque curved depression located between the mandibular condyle and the coronoid process on the superior border of the ramus on panoramic images but not on intraoral images.
- 101. Extraoral film is sensitive to what type of light instead of direct exposure to x-radiation?
- 102. Structure that appears as a round radiolucent compartment with radiopaque borders located superior to the maxillary sinuses and on panoramic images only the inferior border is visible.
- 103. Radiation effects that present within minutes hours or weeks of exposure.
- 104. This lies within the cassette and transfers the x-ray energy into visible light.
- 105. Process by which an electron cloud forms around the molybdenum cup.
Down
- 1. Film that looks gray and lacks image detail and contrast.
- 3. This type of film requires a cassette with a film in it.
- 4. Type of scatter radiation where a photon interacts with an inner shell electron, the photon is absorbed, the electron is ejected and ionization occurs.
- 5. Man who discovered radiation in 1895.
- 6. This removes the unexposed silver halide crystals from the film and hardens the emulsion.
- 9. Atoms that gain or lose an electron, becoming unstable.
- 10. Processing error that causes dark spots to appear on a film.
- 12. Processing error that causes film to appear too dark.
- 14. The number of electrons emitted per second.
- 15. Processing error that results in thin black branching lines on film.
- 17. First two A’s in ALARA stand for what?
- 19. Appears as a round or ovoid radiolucency anterior and superior to the mastoid process on a panoramic image but not seen on intraoral photos.
- 20. Covers both sides of the film base so the emulsion will attach to it.
- 22. The absorbed dose adjusted to the biological damage potential of the particular type of radiation.
- 23. Junction where the nasal fossa and the maxillary sinus meet often found superior to the maxillary canine apex.
- 24. R in ALARA stands for what?
- 25. Standard film size that is often used fro bitewings and periapicals of adults and teens.
- 31. Fill in the Blank: The ____________ the wavelength the stronger the radiation.
- 35. A hole or opening in bone inferior to the border of the orbit.
- 37. The severity of the damage by radiation is dependent on the dose.
- 38. Radiation that occurs when the photons leave the x-ray tube and have not interacted with the patients body or any objects.
- 40. The part of the x-ray tube that supplies the electrons to produce x-rays.
- 41. Type of scatter radiation that is responsible for most of all interactions with the matter in dental x-rays.
- 43. Fill in the Blank: Shorter wavelength leads to ___________ penetrating power and a higher quality beam.
- 44. A coating mixture of gelatin and silver halide crystals that covers both sides of the film base.
- 47. What element of a cell is the most sensitive to radiation?
- 48. Kilovoltage determines what characteristic of electrons in the x-ray tube?
- 49. The process of converting the latent image to a visible image.
- 51. Radiation exposure injures the person that was exposed.
- 52. The propagation of energy through space in the form of particles or waves.
- 54. The power source of x-ray machines.
- 55. Radiation that results when high energy electrons come close to the nuclei of the tungsten atoms.
- 58. The most sensitive cells to radiation.
- 61. Processing error that causes film to appear too light.
- 62. Processing error that leaves white or dark areas on a film.
- 63. A dose response in which even small amounts have the potential to produce some mutations.
- 65. Cells that are immmature, quickly dividing and often seen in young people.
- 67. The theory that radiation interacts with water of the cells and produces free radicals and accounts for 2/3 of radiation-induced biologic damage.
- 70. The air space in the pharynx that is located posterior to the tongue and oral cavity.
- 72. The safelight in the darkroom must be atleast how many feet from the work area?
- 74. A radiolucent area located above the apices of the maxillary premolars and molars.
- 75. This air space can be avoided on panoramic images by having the patient put their tongue to the palate and swallow.
- 77. The peak voltage of an alternating current that determines the speed at which the electron is propelled from the cathode.
- 81. A safelight should be less than how many watts?
- 84. When electrons hit the tungsten target at the anode they transform what type of energy into x-rays?
- 85. Film size for pedodontics.
- 89. Film size for children or the anterior teeth of some adults.
- 90. In this type of film processing the rinsing step between the development and fixer is skipped.
- 91. A dose response in which higher doses produce progressively severe damage.
- 92. The theory that radiation damages the protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and the DNA molecule of a cell and causes cell death and accounts for 1/3 of biological damage.
- 93. Describe the pattern on the lead foil that will be visible on the film if it is placed backward.
- 94. Kilovoltage determines what characteristic of x-rays from the x-ray tube?
- 95. One hundred rad is equal to what?
- 100. The least sensitive cells to radiation.