Across
- 4. the scientist who , in the 1940s, continued Griffith's work with R & S bacteria and found that DNA was the "transforming principle."
- 7. A term used to describe the opposite orientations of the two strands of a DNA double helix; the 5' end of one strand aligns with the 3' end of the other strand.
- 8. short sequences of DNA nucleotides (approximately 150 to 200 base pairs long in eukaryotes) which are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create the lagging strand during DNA replication.
- 9. enzyme that binds to DNA; essential during DNA replication because they separate double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied.
- 13. a double-stranded molecule of nucleic acid separates into two single strands each of which serves as a template for the formation of a complementary strand that together with the template forms a complete molecule.
- 14. components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.
- 15. one phosphorous atom with four oxygen atoms; found in ATP, DNA, & RNA
- 19. The particular order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule.
- 23. the 2 scientists who discovered the double helix shape of the DNA molecule in the 1950s.
- 25. a ring-shaped sugar found in DNA
- 26. an error in the nucleotide sequence on DNA that occurs during replication
- 29. a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size. In gel electrophoresis, the molecules to be separated are pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores.
- 30. one of the double -ring nitrogen bases found in DNA & RNA; It is a purine & it pairs with thymine (T) in DNA & with uracil in RNA.
- 31. two strands that wind around each other like a twisted ladder; the structural shape of DNA
- 32. the strands of DNA are complementary-they fit together and are opposite of each other. Thymine (T) always pairs with Adenine (A) and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine. A pyrimidine always pairs with a purine.
- 33. a method used to map an unknown segment of DNA by breaking it into pieces and then identifying the locations of the breakpoints. This method relies upon the use of proteins called restriction enzymes, which can cut, or digest, DNA molecules at short, specific sequences called restriction sites.
- 34. the strand that is synthesized apparently in the 3' to 5' direction, but actually in the 5' to 3' direction by ligating short fragments synthesized individually. Strand of DNA being replicated discontinuously.
Down
- 1. the 2 scientists whose diffraction crystallography photographs of the DNA molecule contributed to the understanding that DNA is a double helix. Watson and Crick were the actual discovers of this shape; based on the the work of these 2 scientists and Chargaff's work.
- 2. one of the single -ring nitrogen bases found in DNA & RNA; It is a pyrimidine & it pairs with adenine (A) in DNA & it is replaced by Uracil (U) in RNA.
- 3. a protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule. Used to assist insertion of genes into plasmid vectors during gene cloning and protein production experiments. Also used in restriction mapping.
- 5. The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand.
- 6. a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 3' – 5' direction (same direction as the replication fork). DNA is added to the leading strand continuously, one complementary base at a time.
- 10. a group of enzymes that binds the new nucleotides together during replication of new DNA molecules.
- 11. numerous places along the chromosome where enzymes begin the "unzip", or open, the double helix of DNA.
- 12. an enzyme which can connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand and the deoxyribose group on another.
- 16. a laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA. PCR is very precise and can be used to amplify, or copy, a specific DNA target from a mixture of DNA molecules. ... The mixture is then cooled so that the primers anneal, or bind, to the DNA template.
- 17. the process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle.
- 18. monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base
- 19. Thymine (T) always pairs with Adenine (A) and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine.
- 20. one of the double-ring nitrogen bases found in DNA & RNA; It is a purine & it pairs with cytosine (C) in DNA & RNA.
- 21. the scientist who discovered a "transforming principle" when exposing mice to R & S bacteria.
- 22. the 2 scientists who used the T2 bacteriophage virus and E.coli bacteria to prove that DNA, and NOT protein, is the genetic material.
- 24. one of the single -ring nitrogen bases found in DNA & RNA; It is a pyrimidine & it pairs with guanine (G) in DNA & RNA.
- 27. a laboratory technique used to establish a link between biological evidence and a suspect in a criminal investigation. A DNA sample taken from a crime scene is compared with a DNA sample from a suspect. ... DNA fingerprinting is also used to establish paternity.
- 28. a single or double ring built around nitrogen and carbon; found in DNA & RNA