Dr. Najeeb - DNA Replication

Edit Answers
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263
Across
  1. 5. during Replication, one strand of the parental DNA is conserved, so the process is referred to as:
  2. 8. component of the complex involved in the synthesis of RNA primer sequences used in DNA replication. Main components are primases and replicative DNA helicases that move as a unit along the replication fork
  3. 9. number of maternal chromosomes in the ovum
  4. 11. DNA Polymerase ___, serves to connect Okazaki fragments by deleting RNA primers and replacing the strand with DNA
  5. 12. a short stretch of RNA from which the DNA polymerase will start synthesising
  6. 14. DNA/RNA polymerases polymerise new DNA from the ___ to the 3 end
  7. 16. ___ ___ ___, in this phase the cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation
  8. 18. ___ strand, the strand from which the new DNA is replicated
  9. 19. in simple terms, the domain of the DNA polymerase which removes nucleotides which were polymerised erroneously, 3 to 5 ___
  10. 24. ___ strand, the new strand of DNA which is replicated the 3 to 5 direction of the parent strand but away from the replication fork, in short discontinuous fragments
  11. 26. the protein that polymerizes into long chains or filaments that form microtubules, hollow fibers which serve as a skeletal system for living cells
  12. 29. a lightly packed form of chromatin (DNA, RNA, and protein) that is enriched in genes, and is often (but not always) under active transcription. It comprises the most active portion of the genome within the cell nucleus.
  13. 30. ___ supercoiling – an underwound DNA strand
  14. 32. ___ ___, the stages when the cell separates its DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming two new cells.
  15. 33. ___ ___, the process that bacteria use to carry out cell division
  16. 34. Newly synthesized DNA, otherwise known as Okazaki fragments, are ligated by DNA ___, which forms a new strand of DNA
  17. 36. ___ DNA polymerase, elongates the leading strand and makes the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
  18. 38. DNA ___, a subclass off type II topoisomerase that reduces supercoiling in an ATP dependant manner
  19. 39. ___ DNA polymerase, repairs incorrect replication
  20. 42. cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores
  21. 43. protein which binds at the concensus areas to open up the DNA
  22. 45. the stages of a cell when the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA
  23. 48. ___ ___ ___, the resting state of the cell. a cell is not actively preparing to divide, it’s just doing its job. For instance, it might conduct signals as a neuron, or store carbohydrates as a liver cell
  24. 51. a chemotherapy medication which works by binding to the tubulin protein, stopping the tubulin dimers from polymerizing to form microtubules, causing the cell to be unable to separate its chromosomes during the metaphase
  25. 52. one pair of chromosomes (sister chromatids) in a tetrad
  26. 54. the bond between nucleotides
  27. 56. RNA ___, an enzyme which synthesises RNA from a single strand of parental DNA, specifically to create the primer
  28. 57. synthesis of DNA from existing DNA
  29. 59. ___ ___, phase of the cell cycles in which DNA replication can proceed through the mechanisms that result in the formation of identical pairs of DNA molecules—sister chromatids—that are firmly attached to the centromeric region. The centrosome is duplicated then the two centrosomes will give rise to the mitotic spindle, the apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.
  30. 61. priming ___, collective term for DNA-A proteins, SSB’s and Helicases
  31. 62. ___ DNApolymerase, DNA repair and proofreading
  32. 63. cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth
Down
  1. 1. replication ___, a section of DNA which had been opened up by the DNA-A proteins
  2. 2. antibiotics which work by inhibiting the ligase activity of type II topoisomerases, gyrase and type IV topoisomerase
  3. 3. a very aggressive chemotherapy medication which often leads to bone marrow toxicity and works by binding to the tubulin protein, stopping the tubulin dimers from polymerizing to form microtubules, causing the cell to be unable to separate its chromosomes during the metaphase
  4. 4. a fertilised ovum
  5. 6. ___ ___ ___, The first stage of interphase. The cell is accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal DNA and the associated proteins as well as accumulating sufficient energy reserves to complete the task of replication
  6. 7. enzyme which moves directionally along a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone, separating two annealed nucleic acid strands
  7. 9. C32H32O13S, chemotherapeutic which bonds with topoisomerase II, preventing re-ligation of the DNA strands
  8. 10. the hydrogen bonds between Guanine and Cytosine are ___ bonds
  9. 13. replication ___, found at each end of the replication bubble
  10. 15. ___ fragments, short discontinuous fragments of synthesised DNA which form the lagging strand
  11. 17. a nucleoside analogue that mimics guanosine used to treat HSV, chickenpox and shingles.
  12. 18. DNA ___, an enzyme which synthesises DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates
  13. 20. ___ area, AT rich sections of the DNA strand
  14. 21. the specialized DNA sequence of a chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids (a dyad)
  15. 22. enzyme which cleaves nucleotides in nucleic acids into smaller units
  16. 23. ___ polymerase, an enzyme which synthesises RNA from a single strand of parental DNA
  17. 25. Nucleotide/Nucleoside ___, agents with proven efficacy against DNA viruses.
  18. 27. the hydrogen bonds between Adenine and Thymine are ___ bonds
  19. 28. family of enzymes which alter the topology of DNA to prevent supercoils
  20. 31. human cells which contain the same genetic material
  21. 35. ___ DNA polymerase, replicate DNA within the mitachondria
  22. 37. ___ strand, the new strand of DNA which is replicated the 3 to 5 direction of the parent strand towards the replication fork, and is able to be replicated continuously
  23. 40. ___ DNA polymerase, responsible for primer synthesis (primase) and repair
  24. 41. in prokaryotic cells DNA is arranged in a ___ shape
  25. 44. ___ ___, the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells.
  26. 46. an enzyme that catalyses the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond
  27. 47. chromosome material of different density from normal (usually greater), in which the activity of the genes is modified or suppressed.
  28. 49. as the helicase enzymes progress further along the DNA strand, the coils distal to the replication bubble become ___
  29. 50. single strand ___, proteins which stop the replication bubbles from reannealing and prevent nuclease enzymes from acting upon the newly formed single strand DNA
  30. 53. an endoribonuclease that specifically hydrolyses the phosphodiester bonds of RNA, when hybridized to DNA.
  31. 55. ATP ___, the form of energy used by helicases
  32. 58. DNA/RNA polymerases read the template/parental DNA from the ___ to the 5 end
  33. 60. ___ supercoiling – an overwound DNA strand