Across
- 3. The first month of the Islamic calendar when Ashura occurs
- 4. Umayyad caliph who defeated Ibn al Zubayr and restored unity
- 5. A process where representatives decide a dispute instead of fighting
- 7. A tax paid by non Muslims in exchange for protection
- 10. A rival leader who controlled Mecca during the Second Fitna
- 13. The first civil war in Islam following Uthman’s assassination
- 15. A battle between Ali and Muawiya that led to arbitration
- 17. A protected non Muslim subject under Islamic governance
- 20. A group that rejected arbitration and broke from Ali’s camp
- 22. A rival prophet defeated during the ridda wars under Abu Bakr
- 23. The movement in 750 that overthrew the Umayyads
- 24. The fourth caliph whose reign saw civil war and internal division
- 25. The second caliph who expanded the empire and ruled from 634 to 644
- 26. The tenth day of Muharram marking Husayn’s martyrdom
- 27. The third caliph who standardized the Quran and was assassinated
- 28. Supporters of Ali who believed leadership should remain in his family
Down
- 1. The killing of Husayn in 680 at Karbala
- 2. The Umayyad ruler whose reign led to the death of Husayn
- 6. The first four caliphs considered exemplary leaders
- 8. A successor or deputy leading the Muslim community after the Prophet
- 9. The second civil war triggered by Yazid’s succession
- 11. The majority group who accepted the caliphs chosen by the community
- 12. An agreement outlining conditions for non Muslims under Muslim rule
- 14. The ruling dynasty from 661 to 750 based in Damascus
- 16. A battle between Ali and forces led by Aisha Talha and Zubayr
- 18. Founder of the Umayyad dynasty who ruled from Damascus
- 19. The first caliph who ruled from 632 to 634 and consolidated Arabia
- 20. The location in Iraq where Husayn was killed
- 21. The English term for khalifa meaning leader of the Islamic community