Across
- 2. Name given to a supercontinent that began to break apart approximately 200 million years ago.
- 5. A naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition.
- 9. The boundary between two plates that move away from each other.
- 15. Vibrations caused by the rupture and sudden movement of rocks along a break or a crack in Earth's crust.
- 18. A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth
- 20. numerical rating system that measure the energy, or magnitude, of the largest seismic waves produced by an earthquake.
- 22. Long, narrow mountain range on the ocean floor; formed by magma at divergent plate boundaries.
- 23. an intense tropical storm with winds exceeding 119 km/h.
- 25. An area of many fractured pieces of crust along a large fault.
- 26. The process by which new oceanic crust forms along a mid-ocean ridge and older oceanic crust moves away from the ridge.
- 28. The mechanical and chemical processes that change Earth's surface over time.
- 34. A vent in Earth's crust through which molten rock flows.
- 35. The series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock.
- 37. The process through which sediment turns into rock.
- 39. Magma that erupts onto Earth's surface.
- 40. A process in which the weight from the layers of sediment forces out fluids and decreases the space between sediment grains.
- 41. a period of below-average precipitation.
- 42. The thin, solid outermost layer of Earth; made of less dense silicates and is either continental (landmasses) or oceanic (ocean floors).
- 44. A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth
- 45. The process that occurs when one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate.
Down
- 1. The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.
- 3. The moving of weathered material, or sediment, from one location to another.
- 4. Igneous rock that forms when volcanic material erupts, cools, and crystallizes on Earth's surface.
- 6. A deep, underwater trough created by one plate subducting under another plate at a convergent plate boundary.
- 7. The process by which atoms form a solid with an orderly, repeating pattern.
- 8. rating scale that measure the energy released by an earthquake, taking into account the size of the fault that breaks, the motion that occurs along the fault, and the strength of the rocks that break during an earthquake.
- 10. A round depression formed on the surface of a planet, moon, or other space object by the impact of a meteorite.
- 11. Theory that Earth's surface is broken into large, rigid pieces that move with respect to each other.
- 12. A curved line of volcanoes that forms parallel to a plate boundary.
- 13. The laying down or settling of eroded material.
- 14. a wave that forms when an ocean disturbance suddenly moves a large volume of water.
- 16. an event that occurs when a large volume of water covers land that is not normally under water.
- 17. a violent, whirling column of air in contact with the ground.
- 19. rating scale that measures earthquake intensity based on descriptions of the earthquake's effects on people and structures.
- 21. rapid, downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders.
- 24. A process in which minerals dissolved in water crystallize between sediment grains.
- 27. A crack or a fracture in Earth's lithosphere along which movement occurs.
- 29. A naturally occurring solid composed of minerals, rock fragments, and sometimes other materials such as organic matter.
- 30. conversion of soil into a fluidlike mass during an earthquake or other seismic event.
- 31. A large mass of ice, formed by snow accumulation on land, that moves slowly across Earth's surface.
- 32. Molten rock stored below Earth's surface.
- 33. The boundary between two plates that move toward each other.
- 36. Wegener's hypothesis that all continents were once connected in a single large landmass that broke apart about 200 million years ago and drifted slowly to their current positions.
- 38. Igneous rock that forms as magma cools underground.
- 43. The boundary between two plates that slide past each other.