Across
- 2. change mineral makeup of a rock, chemical reactions between minerals in the rock and the environment
- 4. both mechanical/chemical in some ways, but always involves living organisms (ex: lichen secrete acids into rocks that break down its minerals)
- 6. weathered parent material, consists of broken fragments of parent rock, caco3 and mgco3 accumulates here forming a hard impenetrable layer
- 7. rate of percolation, related to porosity
- 8. less than 0.002 mm, low permeability, good h20 capacity, good nutrient capacity, poor aeration, poor workability, high porosity
- 11. top surface litter layer, decomposed leaves and organic matter, normally brown or black, rich in bacteria, fungi, insects and earthworms
- 13. topsoil layer, humus and minerals. roots are in this area, also rich in living organisms, if dark brown or black: rich in nitrogen and organic materials, if gray/yellow/red: low in organic material, bad for crops
Down
- 1. breaks rocks into smaller pieces (water, machinery, wind, etc)
- 3. between 0.002 and 0.05 mm, medium levels of all characteristics
- 5. water holding capacity, very porous soil has more spaces, and can hold more water
- 9. subsoil layer, mostly inorganic materials, clay particles, receives material from A horizon through illuviation, may be colored by iron oxides (red), aluminum oxides (yellow), or white due to calcium carbonate, leaching, lots of humus
- 10. relatively equal portions of sand, silt, clay (ideal soil for farming)
- 12. diameter greater than 0.05 mm, high permeability, poor water capacity, poor nutrient capacity, good aeration, good workability, low porosity (cannot hold water)