Earth Space Science

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Across

4. Giant landmass that existed about 250 million years ago
5. Hot ash mixed with the snow and ice on the mountain to form a fast-moving mudflow
6. Blocks of land tilt and move downhill along a surface that curves into the slope
7. Ridge a long chain of volcanic mountains on the ocean floor with a deep central valley
9. all living things on the planet compose the _______
11. Soils Soils from transported materials
13. Neck Outer layers of the volcano have been eroded away, leaving behind a more resistant plug of igneous rock
15. Trench An important feature on a subduction boundary and is a long, deep trench that forms along the boundary
19. Energy A much smaller part of the energy budget (0.013 %) originates as heat from within Earth
20. Gravity The ratio of its mass to the mass of an equal volume of water
24. Magma beneath a volcano is released after the top of the volcano collapses, forming a large crater-shaped basin
25. Crust and uppermost portion of the mantle together
27. Time Zones 24 worldwide __________ were developed, each 15* of longitude wide
29. Core Surrounding inner core and is composed of liquid iron and nickel
31. Boundary Boundary between two plates that are moving toward each other, or converging
32. Thinner, and more fluid, containing large amounts of iron and magnesium and much lower amounts of silica, Mother
37. Rocks that are formed from cooling and the hardening of hot, molten rock
39. Weathering Disintegration, takes place when rock is split or broken into smaller pieces
40. The movement of Earth in its orbit around the sun
41. _______ of a mineral is the way the mineral shines in light
42. Valleys Deep valleys at the center of a mid-ocean ridge
44. System energy, such as sunlight, may enter, but matter doesn't leave
46. The arrangement of physical layers
47. _______ of a mineral is the color of its powder
48. Spot refer to areas of volcanic activity that result from plumes of hot solid material that have risen from deep within Earth's mantle
49. the study of minerals and their properties
50. Rough jagged edges
51. Soil of A-horizon and is generally gray to black in color
53. Energy Energy that comes from the sun
54. Energy The third and smallest part of the energy budget (0.002 %)
55. More rigid material of the lithosphere floats upon a thin, slushlike layer of the mantle
58. Minerals that are compounds including silicon and oxygen
60. Date Line represents the longitude at which the date changes
62. A positively charged atom
65. Rocks are formed by the compaction and cementing of layers
68. System Science The new view of Earth
69. Material Material from which the soil is formed
72. Occurs naturally, it is solid, it has definite chemical composition, its atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern, and it is inorganic (was never alive)
73. Process by which a rock's structure is changed by pressure, heat, and moisture
74. a mineral made of negatively charged _______ ions bonded to positive metal ions
76. are materials such as rock fragments, plant animal remains, and minerals
79. the remains, impression, or any other evidence of a plant of animal preserved in rock
81. Volcanoes Develop when layers of materials from successive explosive eruptions accumulate around a vent
82. When minerals fill the spaces between sand grains, pebbles, or other rock particles, they bind the fragments together
84. Atoms of an element that have different masses
86. Drift Continents that have moved, or drifted, from one place to another
89. a sequence of events that repeat
90. B-horizon and is generally red or brown in color
92. Upward expansion of rocks that are formed deep underground may result in a mechanical weathering process
93. Number number of protons in the nucleus is the atom's ________ and is equal to the number of electrons in the atom's electron cloud
95. a representation of an object, a process, or a phenomenon
96. a large block of lithospheric plate that has been moved, often over a distance of thousands of kilometers
97. Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
99. Apparent shift in position of the stars
101. a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with sulfide
102. Push A force on spreading lithospheric plates that could help drive movements
103. rock mass that forms when magma cools inside Earth's interior
108. Spinning of the Earth around its axis
109. when minerals break into directions other than along cleavage surfaces
110. Cones Simplest type of volcano, forms when molten lava is thrown into the air from a vent
111. is a term commonly used for the movement of a mass of bedrock or loose soil and rock down the slope of a hill, mountain, or cliff
113. Refer to rock fragments that have been weathered from a cliff and pulled down by gravity
114. Lava Lava that forms under water and looks like a pillow but doesn't feel like one
115. Equinox Occurs on or around March 21

Down

1. Soil Bedrock beneath the soil
2. Tectonics a theory that describes the formation, movements, and interactions of these plates
3. Wedging Or ice wedging, and is common in places where the temperature varies from below the freezing point of water
6. Solstice Occurs on June 21 each year and is the point at which this daily increase stops
7. rocks are formed by the effect of heat and pressure on other rocks
8. System The system and its surroundings freely exchange both energy and matter
10. Cycle Movement of energy into and out of the Earth system
12. Largest of all plutons, form the cores of many of Earth's mountain ranges
13. Principal ingredient in all magmas, determines a magma's __________
14. Rain Rainwater that contains unusually high amounts of acids that can be traced to these pollutants
16. Meridian Starting point of standard time zones is an arbitrary longitude line
17. A mass of weathered material that has been saturated with water flows downhill
18. Cycle the continuous circulation of water through the hydrosphere
21. Field The movement of the fluid in the outer core
22. Lava with smooth, ropelike surfaces
23. Hot molten rock, lava
24. Cycle A biogeochemical cycle involving the element carbon
26. Minerals Other minerals that make up most of the rocks in Earth's crust
28. Moving sand, pebbles, and larger rocks grind and scrape against one another, these rock materials are soon worn away
30. Boundary When an oceanic plate plunges beneath another plate, the oceanic plate is said to be SUBDUCTING beneath the overriding plate
33. a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with oxygen
34. Cycling of water vapor into the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration
35. Movement Refers to the downward transportation of weathered materials by gravity
36. Refers both to the opening in the Earth's crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt
38. a kind of model
43. Chemical weathering by reaction of water with other substances
44. Boundary When two continents collide and are welded into a single, larger continent
45. Brown or red in color of some exposed rocks may be the result of this process
47. Depletion Occurs when the soil gradually becomes so lacking or depleted in nutrients that it can no longer grow a usable crop
48. contains all water in the Earth system
52. Plateau Lava pouring from fissure spreads across the land
56. Equinox on or near September 22
57. Boundary Boundary between two lithospheric plates that are moving apart
59. Tendency to split along definite planes
61. Meridian Each standard time zone is roughly centered on a lone of longitude exactly divisible by 15*
63. Flow A dense, superheated cloud that travels downhill with amazing speed
64. is a substance that contains atoms of two or more elements that are chemically combined
65. The soil contains so much mineral matter from the evaporated irrigation water that the soil can no longer sustain crop growth
66. Convection Heat from Earth's inner and outer cores through the mantle by a process called ________________
67. A gaseous envelope around the earth
70. Core Earth's center and is composed of solid iron and nickel
71. Weathering Decomposition, takes place when the rock's minerals are changed into different substances
72. Rapid movement of water that contains large amounts of suspended clay and silt
75. Thick magma that is slow-moving, high amount of silica, Father
77. The breakup of rocks due to exposure to processes that occur at Earth's surface
78. Slow, imperceptible movement of soil down a slope
80. Volcanoes broad based and gently sloping sides
81. Regular geometric solid with smooth surfaces called crystal faces
83. Gains electrons easily to form a negative ion is classified as a __________
85. the rocks, the mountains, the beaches, and all the other physical features of the planet except water
87. A substance that cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
88. Boundary Boundary between two plates that are sliding past each other
91. of hydrosphere consists of fresh water
94. The core of each continent is an expanse of ancient rock
97. Is am element that loses electrons easily to form positive ions
98. Is the removal and transport of materials by natural agents such as wind and running water
100. molten forces its way up through cracks, or _______
102. Cycle the repeated series of events by which rock gradually and continually changes from one type to another
104. Tetrahedron Basic building block of a silicate
105. Solstice Occurs on December 21 and is the shortest day of the year
106. Masses move, heat from the friction, stress, and pressure cause the rock to change shape
107. Surrounding the mantle is a thin, rigid layer of lighter rocks that includes Earth's surface
112. Pull Force that the sinking edge of the plate exerts on the rest of the plate