Across
- 6. The shaking of the Earth's surface caused by the sudden release of energy along a fault.
- 7. Waves that travel through the Earth, caused by earthquakes.
- 11. Circular movements of molten rock in the mantle that drive plate movement (10,8).
- 15. A hot spring that periodically erupts with steam and water due to geothermal activity (6).
- 17. When saturated soil behaves like a liquid due to intense shaking from an earthquake.
- 18. A deep underwater valley formed at a destructive plate boundary where subduction occurs.
- 19. A smaller earthquake following a major earthquake.
- 20. A plate boundary where an oceanic plate is forced beneath a continental plate, creating volcanoes, earthquakes, and deep-sea trenches.
- 24. A zone where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another, leading to volcanic activity.
- 27. A fixed area of intense volcanic activity away from plate boundaries (e.g., Hawaii) (3,4).
- 28. A zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions encircling the Pacific Ocean (4,2,4).
- 29. A large underground pool of molten rock beneath a volcano (5,7).
- 31. Diagonal braces added to buildings to improve stability during an earthquake (5,7).
- 33. Built into structures to reduce the impact of seismic waves (5,9).
- 34. A large sea wave caused by an underwater earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide.
Down
- 1. A destructive mudflow of volcanic material mixed with water.
- 2. Large mountain ranges formed when two continental plates collide at a destructive boundary (e.g., the Himalayas) (4,9).
- 3. A bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano, formed by past eruptions.
- 4. – Strengthening older buildings to make them more resistant to earthquakes.
- 5. The main opening through which magma reaches the surface.
- 8. A network of sensors that detect seismic activity and send alerts before shaking begins (5,7,6).
- 9. The point within the Earth where an earthquake originates.
- 10. A fast-moving, deadly cloud of hot gas, ash, and volcanic debris (11,4).
- 11. A steep-sided volcano built up by alternating layers of lava and ash (e.g., Mount St. Helens).
- 12. The region where two tectonic plates meet, often associated with earthquakes and volcanic activity (5,8).
- 13. A large section of the Earth's crust that moves due to convection currents in the mantle (8,5).
- 14. A technique where buildings are placed on flexible pads to absorb seismic energy (4,9).
- 16. The point on the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake's focus.
- 21. A broad, gently sloping volcano formed by low-viscosity lava (e.g., Mauna Loa, Hawaii).
- 22. An opening in the Earth's crust through which magma, ash, and gases escape.
- 23. A scale that measures the intensity (damage caused) of an earthquake (8,9).
- 25. An instrument that detects and records seismic waves.
- 26. Magma that reaches the Earth's surface.
- 30. Cloud A cloud of fine particles of volcanic rock and gas released during an eruption (3,5).
- 32. A large depression formed when a volcano collapses after a massive eruption