Across
- 1. A wave that moves along the surface of a medium, such as water or the earth.
- 4. To filter, trickle through
- 5. Carbon based compound that comes from living organisms.
- 7. The exertion of force on something so that it becomes more dense.
- 9. A type of rock that forms when sediments , like organic or mineral particles, accumulate on the earth’s surface and are cemented together.
- 13. Vibrations that travel through the earth caused by sudden movements in the earth’s materials.
- 16. The unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.
- 18. A still, sticky, fine grained earth, typically yellow, red, or bluish gray in color and often forming an impermeable layer in the soil.
- 20. tectonic plate that moves slowly beneath the ocean.
- 22. A small area or region with a relatively hot temperature in comparison to its surroundings.
- 24. A long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance.
- 26. area where two or more tectonic plates meet.
- 27. Original rock from which younger rock is formed.
- 29. A tectonic plate that moves slowly beneath the ocean.
- 31. Permeation of a liquid into something.
- 32. Seismic waves that travel through the Earth’s interior after an earthquake.
- 34. The study of earthquakes and other seismic waves that travel through the earth.
- 35. The state or quality of a material or membrane that causes it to allow liquids or gases to pass through it.
- 36. An object that’s reduced to a liquid form by heating.
- 38. A fault is a break in the Earth's crust where rock masses move parallel to the break.
- 42. Fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment, especially in a channel or harbor.
- 43. The organic component of soil formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms.
- 45. A type of rock that forms when magma or lava cools and solidifies.
- 47. The amount of water that something can hold.
- 50. The exertion of force on something so that it becomes more dense.
- 51. One of the large pieces of the surface of the earth that move separately.
- 53. Molten rock that flows from a volcano onto the surface of a planet or moon.
- 56. A geological process that occurs when sediment, soil, or rocks are laid down in a new location.
- 58. The intentional clearing of forests for other uses, such as agriculture, mining, or urban development.
- 60. The job or supervising or taking care of something.
- 61. The center of interest or activity.
- 62. A basic concept in geology that describes transition through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.
- 67. A mixture of molten and semi molten rock found beneath the surface of the earth.
- 69. The process of rocks, minerals, and soils breaking down over time. It occurs when rocks, minerals, and soils are exposed to water, sunlight, atmospheric gases, and biological organisms.
- 72. Excess fertilizer alters the soil by creating too high of a salt concentration.
- 73. A place where two tectonic plates meet and one slides beneath the other.
- 77. The amount of salt dissolved in a body of water.
- 79. The process by which fertile land gradually turns into desert.
- 80. A supercontinent that existed millions of years ago, when all the continents on earth were joined together.
- 81. The measurement of how acidic or alkaline soil is.
- 82. A farming technique that involves growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field.
- 83. A process of extracting a substance from a solid material that is dissolved in a liquid.
- 84. The process of removing and transporting soil, rock, or dissolved material from one place to another.
- 85. A mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have erupted from the earth's crust.
- 86. The process of making an area more urban.
- 88. A Solid, dense ball of iron and nickel at the center of the planet.
- 89. A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth’s crust or volcanic action.
- 90. A type of rock that has been changed by hear, pressure, and or chemical reactions.
- 91. Any method of soil cultivation that leaves the previous years crop residue on fields before and after planting the next crop to reduce soil erosion and runoff.
Down
- 2. A row of trees, shrubs, or other plants that reduce and redirect wind.
- 3. The gradual movement of the continents across the earth’s surface through geological time.
- 6. A place where two tectonic plates move towards each other and collide.
- 8. Matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid.
- 10. The process of formation of solid crystals from solution, melt, or by deposition directly from a gas phase.
- 11. A place where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally.
- 12. A long, narrow depression in the ocean floor that’s formed when two tectonic plates meet and one slides beneath the other.
- 13. A device that measures and records seismic waves or vibrations caused by earthquakes.
- 14. The process of removing harmful substances from soil, sediment, or water.
- 15. A farming technique that involves plowing and planting along the natural contours of a clope.
- 17. A fertile soil of clay and sand containing humus.
- 19. The outermost layer of the Earth that makes up the continents and continental shelves.
- 21. Primary waves are seismic waves that move through solids, liquids and gases.
- 23. The area around a magnet in which the effect of magnetism is felt.
- 25. A goal that involves using resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- 28. The linear feature where two tectonic plates move apart.
- 30. The amount of nutrients in a food or drink source.
- 32. The relative amounts of sand, silt, and clay particles in soil.
- 33. The process of collecting small amount of soil to analyze its chemical, physical, and biological properties.
- 37. Layer of earth immediately below the surface soil, consisting predominantly of minerals and leached materials such as iron and aluminum compounds.
- 39. The soil mantle of earth.
- 40. The binding together of particles or other things by cement.
- 41. To become liquified by heat.
- 44. The quality or degree of having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may pass.
- 46. core A liquid layer of Earth that’s made of mostly iron and nickel.
- 48. A semi-solid layer of Earth’s upper mantle that lies below the lithosphere.
- 49. A geological process that creates new ocean floor by splitting tectonic plates apart.
- 52. The thin, dense layer of Earth’s crust that makes up the ocean floor.
- 54. The ability of soil to support plant growth and produce consistent crop yields.
- 55. To water crops by bringing in water from pipes, canals, sprinklers, or other man-made means, rather than relying on rainfall alone.
- 57. The part of the earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
- 59. Chemical compounds that do not contain carbon hydrogen bonds.
- 63. Excessive grazing which causes damage to grassland.
- 64. The practice of growing different crops in the same area over multiple growing seasons.
- 65. Each of a series of flat areas made on a slope, used for cultivation.
- 66. Solid rock underlying loose deposits such as soil or alluvium.
- 68. The process where water soluble salts accumulate in the soil, gradually increasing its salt concentration.
- 70. A Loose granular substance, typically pale yellowish brown, resulting from the erosion of siliceous and other rocks.
- 71. A layer of the planet between the crust and core.
- 74. The state or process of rotting.
- 75. The rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
- 76. A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and atomic structure.
- 78. Surface soil usually including the rich upper layer in which plants have most of their roots and which the farmer turns over in plowing.
- 87. The outermost solid layer of a planet, moon, or asteroid.