Across
- 5. the upper limit of minerals in water, increases in higher temperatures
- 6. water’s polar structure allows it to dissolve inorganic nutrients and makes them accessible to organisms
- 9. thermal property of water that rises when compounds are dissolved in it or lowers at higher elevation
- 11. the solute concentration is lower within the organism compared to its environment
- 12. without oxygen
- 13. resistance encountered by organisms moving through liquid, increases in cold water, decreases in warm water
- 16. thermal property of water that drops below 0°C when compounds are dissolved in it
- 17. organisms use mechanisms to maintain a proper salt balance
- 19. an atom or group of atoms that can be charged negatively or positively
- 20. in saltwater fish, water is lost through the gills
- 23. temperature at which an organism performs best and is based on the adaptations of the organism
- 24. ion formed by dissociation of carbonic acid to give CO3-2
- 26. adaptation in which the bloodstream flows the opposite way of the water (i.e. same way as a fish swims forward) to maximize passive uptake of oxygen through the gills
- 30. ion formed by dissociation of carbonic acid to give HCO3-1, allows CO2 to be stored in water until CO2 is used by plants, shifting the equalibrium so that H2O and CO2 are reformed
- 33. a force of attraction between hydrogen and a negitive species
- 36. water with low solute concentration, 0MPa.
- 40. substances without charge, immiscible with water
- 41. an organism has a higher solute concentration than its environment, such as freshwater fish, water will try to enter the organism and solutes try to leave
- 42. a measure of how an aqueous solution will attract evenmore water, decreases (negative) with a higher solute concentration and is measure in MPa.
- 43. a region of undisturbed air or water that surrounds a surface and slows diffusion rates
- 44. heat the amount of heat added in order to raise the temperature by 1°C
- 45. in freshwater fish, water enters through the gills
Down
- 1. the amount of mass in a certain volume, increases in cold water, decreases in hot water, increases in saltwater, decreases in freshwater
- 2. a ratio that compares physiological rates between temperatures 10°C apart
- 3. formed by the diffusion of CO2 in water, to give H2CO3
- 4. alternative forms of an enzyme that allow and organism to tolerate different conditions
- 7. in saltwater fish, solutes leave the gills
- 8. low pH can cause the loss of plant nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium from the soil
- 10. element that has low solubility in water and is very limited in environments without photosynthesis, enters through gills by diffusion into the bloodstream
- 14. a fish can use this to match the density of the water and control its floating or sinking
- 15. Water at 4°C is at its _________, which means that water near the bottom of bodies of water should be this temperature
- 18. a process which requires energy to move ions or molecuels against their concentration gradient
- 21. encompasses acid rain and snowfall
- 22. sharks and rays may store this byproduct in their bloodstream to raise their osmotic potential closer to that of their environment
- 25. acidic gases and particles that stick to vegetation and soil
- 27. wastewater released at temperatures too high to sustain life
- 28. water resists changes in ______ as a change from 98°C to 99°C uses less energy than a change from 99°C to 100°C _______ depends on energy, pressure, elevation, dissolved compounds, etc.
- 29. when enzymes move past their maximum rate and become unfunctional as the temperature becomes too high
- 31. an anti-freeze like chemical that organisms use to disrupt hydrogen bonds and prevent freezing of internal water
- 32. an aquatic environment characterized by a low pH
- 34. membrane that allows certain ions and molecules to pass through while restricting others
- 35. process in which glycoproteins coat ice-seeds and prevent further formation of ice
- 37. heat-loving, e.g. bacteria with proteins that form strong bonds tolerant to heat and denaturing
- 38. this element interferes with a plants ability to take up nutrients and is released by excessive H+ in the soil
- 39. in freshwater fish, solutes enter the gills