Across
- 7. Providing financial services (loans, insurance) to low-income individuals or groups who lack access to traditional banking.
- 8. Lack of essential physical capital (roads, ports, power) hindering economic activity.
- 9. A trade policy that advocates replacing imports with domestic production.
- 12. When a country’s economy relies heavily on the export of raw materials (agriculture, mining).
- 15. The impact of weak legal systems and political corruption on hindering economic growth.
- 16. Income per head adjusted for purchasing power parity (the cost of living).
- 17. A composite indicator created by the UN combining health (life expectancy), education (mean/expected years of schooling), and income (GNI per capita at PPP).
Down
- 1. A nation with a lower standard of living, underdeveloped industrial base, and low Human Development Index (HDI).
- 2. A model explaining how a developing economy shifts from a low-productivity agricultural sector to a high-productivity manufacturing sector.
- 3. The unequal distribution of income or wealth within a country.
- 4. Reducing trade barriers (tariffs, quotas) to encourage international trade.
- 5. The emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a developing country.
- 6. A developing nation that is becoming a developed nation, driven by high economic growth, rapid industrialisation, and increasing integration with global markets (e.g., BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa).
- 10. A commercial arrangement where two or more parties undertake a project together.
- 11. Investment by a foreign company into the productive capacity of a developing country.
- 13. A sustainable increase in living standards, including improvements in life expectancy, education, and income.
- 14. A situation where a resource boom causes the currency to appreciate, making other sectors (like manufacturing) uncompetitive.