Energy Transfers 2

3. the movement of air from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
4. a fault that occurs at a transform boundary
9. the action of one tectonic plate pushing below another tectonic plate
10. a device that detects variations in magnetic fields
11. a “funnel” of rotating air that can extend all the way to the ground with winds of up to 400 km/h; can occur when high altitude horizontal winds meet thunderstorms
14. plates large, rigid movable slabs of rock at Earth’s surface that slide over a layer of partly molten rock
16. waves (L-waves) seismic waves that ripple along Earth’s surface like ripples on a pond
17. the crust and upper portion of the mantle
21. a term describing past periods of extensive glaciations that covered most of the continents
22. the amount of force per unit area
24. the stored energy of an object or particle, due to its position or state
25. the total energy of all the particles in a solid, liquid, or gas
26. Earth’s thickest layer, lying just below the crust
27. the transfer of energy by waves through space

1. a steep-sided valley formed on land where magma rises to Earth’s surface at a spreading centre
2. ground that usually remains frozen year-round
5. a layer in the stratosphere that filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun
6. a long chain of volcanic islands
7. a machine that measures and records seismic wave activity
8. a landmass made up of more than one continent; an example is Pangaea, a landmass formed millions of years ago and made of all the continents
12. the transition zone that separates the cold, deep ocean waters from the Sun-warmed surface waters
13. waves (S-waves) underground seismic waves that travel at about 3.5 km/s, causing the ground to move perpendicular to the direction of the wave’s motion
15. a long narrow depression in the ocean floor that marks a convergent plate boundary and is part of a subduction zone
18. waves (P-waves) underground seismic waves that travel at about 6 km/s through Earth’s crust, causing the ground to move in the direction of the wave’s motion
19. a long chain of volcanoes
20. a measure of the average of the kinetic energy of all the particles in a sample of matter
21. winds that are typical for a location
23. an opening in Earth’s surface that, when active, spews out gases, chunks of rock, and melted rock