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3. — The act of restraining one's desires during the month of Ramadan.
5. — The Shia dynastic empire that ruled Persia and elevated the arts of calligraphy and silk weaving.Shahada — The declaration of faith used to enter Islam.
7. — The massive "gunpowder empire" that conquered Constantinople in 1453 and lasted for half a millennium.
8. — The title given to the political and religious leaders of the state after the death of the Prophet
11. — The branch of mathematics founded by Al-Khwarizmi.

1. — The unified religious and social community of Muslims.
2. — The obligatory annual financial act of worship.
4. — The first Islamic dynastic caliphate with its capital in Damascus. Hijrah — The beginning of the Islamic calendar and the historic migration event.
6. — The evening meal and gathering where those fasting break their fast at sunset.
9. Sina — The great physician and author of The Canon of Medicine.
10. — The mandatory pilgrimage to the holy Kaaba in the city of Mecca.
12. al-Hikma — The massive intellectual center established in Baghdad ("House of