English thingy

2. not part of the essential nature of someone or something; coming or operating from outside.
4. having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense.
8. (of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent.
9. regard as probable; expect or predict
11. provide (someone) with an incentive for doing something
13. a quality that evokes pity or sadness

1. take in or contain (something) as part of a whole; include.
3. to appeal to the audiences' sense of reason or logic
5. likely to cause disagreement or argument
6. a rhetorical or written technique that appeals to an audience or reader's ethics
7. belonging naturally; essential
8. giving a lot of information clearly and in a few words; brief but comprehensive.
10. a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.
12. state or assert that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof.