ENLIGHTENMENT

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  1. 2. Division of power among the different branches in government. Separations of power would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government. Would later be called check and balances.
  2. 3. Developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry and would be a new important tool for scientific research. He also believed scientists needed to reject old assumptions and teachings. But he gained knowledge differently than Bacon, by using mathematics and logic. Believed everything should be doubted until proven by reason.
  3. 6. Late 1700s, British physician made a vaccine to prevent smallpox.
  4. 7. Used the scientific method in chemistry. He is considered the founder of modern chemistry. He challenged Aristotle’s idea that the physical world consisted of four elements-earth, air, fire and water. Thought that matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together in different ways.
  5. 8. He discovered that Jupiter had 4 moons, the sun had dark spots, using a telescope he built. He perfected the telescope. He also discovered the earth’s moon had a rough, uneven surface.
  6. 10. In order for people to not have a bleak life, they had to give their rights to a strong ruler and in exchange, gained law and order
  7. 14. He proved that the planets revolve around the sun and the sun was the center of the universe mathematically. He also found out that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles.
  8. 16. Thought that people should give up their rights to the government and have no rights. Liked authoritarian governments. Social contract theorist.
  9. 17. All men are born with three natural rights- life liberty and property. Everyone should have an equal opportunity to property ownership. Have to have a government to protect and make laws for the people. The people can overthrow if the government fails to follow the social contract theory. Liked democracy. Social contract theorist.
  10. 20. Enlarges far-off objects. Perfected by Galileo.
  11. 21. Disagreed with Rousseau that women’s education should be secondary to men. Women need education too. Encouraged women to join the men's field of work like medicine and politics. Wants women to be equal to men.
  12. 22. Urged scientists to stop relying on the conclusions of Aristotle and other old thinkers. Instead of reasoning from abstract theories, he urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions, which is called empiricism or the experimental method.
Down
  1. 1. The theory that the earth is the center of the universe and all planets and stars revolve around it
  2. 4. A new way of thinking about the natural world. Based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs
  3. 5. Came up with the idea that the stars, the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun. Did not know why the planets orbited the way they do.
  4. 9. Used satire against opponents. Fighted for tolerance, freedom of religious belief, reason and freedom of speech. Published more than 70 books about political essays, philosophy and drama. Thinks it is a good thing to have a multitude of religions.
  5. 11. Developed laws of motion and gravity. His great discovery was the law of universal gravitation.
  6. 12. Social and political theorists of the Enlightenment.
  7. 13. The theory that the sun is the center of the universe and all planets revolve around it
  8. 15. Social gatherings where attendees would discuss Enlightenment ideas.
  9. 18. Invented by a Dutch maker of eyeglasses, Zacharias Janssen in 1590. In the 1670s, a Dutch drapery merchant and amateur scientist named Anton van Leeuwenhoek used it to see bacteria in tooth scrapings. Used to see things that can not be seen with the naked eye. Also looked at red blood cells for the first time ever.
  10. 19. He thought that the only good government was the one freely formed by the people and guided by the general will. The people are subject to the laws so they should be the ones to write them.
  11. 22. His thoughts were toward the justice system. Laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes. He criticized the abuses involved in the system. Torture should not be used. The degree of punishment should be based on the crime committed.