Enlightenment

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Across
  1. 3. Wealth of Nations: Seminal economic work by Adam Smith advocating for free-market policies and competition.
  2. 5. Hobbes’ work advocating for absolute authority to prevent societal chaos.
  3. 9. Revolution: 16th-17th century movement that laid the intellectual foundation for the Enlightenment.
  4. 10. Locke: Philosopher who argued for natural rights and the idea of government as a protector of individual freedoms.
  5. 12. Sovereignty: Enlightenment idea that legitimate political authority derives from the consent of the people, influencing revolutions.
  6. 14. Spirit of the Laws: Montesquieu’s analysis of government systems advocating for separation of powers.
  7. 15. Concept promoting the separation of religion from public affairs, gaining traction during the Enlightenment.
  8. 17. Dramatic political change, often inspired by Enlightenment ideals, as seen in France and America.
  9. 19. Freedom: Enlightenment idea challenging state-sponsored religion, influencing constitutional protections.
  10. 21. Law: Belief in universal principles derived from human nature, used to justify Enlightenment calls for reform.
  11. 22. Hobbes: Political theorist who argued in Leviathan for a strong sovereign to maintain order.
  12. 23. Smith: Economist whose work The Wealth of Nations laid the foundation for modern capitalism and free markets.
  13. 25. Philosophical approach emphasizing knowledge through sensory experience, advanced by John Locke and David Hume.
  14. 26. Voltaire's advocacy for religious freedom and coexistence, challenging centuries of sectarian conflict.
  15. 27. of Powers: Montesquieu’s political theory advocating division of government into branches, foundational to modern constitutions.
  16. 29. Enlightenment religious belief that God created the universe but does not intervene, aligning with Newton’s mechanistic worldview.
  17. 31. Enlightenment-influenced system of government where power rests with the people.
  18. 32. of Speech: Enlightenment principle championed by Voltaire, foundational to democratic societies.
  19. 34. Rights: Concept promoted by John Locke, asserting life, liberty, and property as inherent to all individuals and influencing revolutions.
  20. 36. Bacon: Advocate of the scientific method, emphasizing experimentation and observation.
  21. 41. Despotism: Rule by absolute monarchs like Catherine the Great who incorporated Enlightenment reforms without relinquishing power.
  22. 42. Enlightenment emphasis on logical thinking as the path to knowledge and societal improvement.
  23. 43. Rousseau: Philosopher who emphasized the importance of general will and popular sovereignty in The Social Contract.
  24. 44. French Enlightenment intellectuals who sought to apply reason and criticism to society, religion, and government.
  25. 45. Renaissance intellectual movement influencing the Enlightenment, focusing on human potential and achievements.
Down
  1. 1. Hume: Scottish philosopher who advanced empiricism and skepticism, particularly about religion and causation.
  2. 2. and Balances: Enlightenment-inspired system to limit the power of government branches, incorporated into the U.S. Constitution.
  3. 3. Social Contract (book): Rousseau’s influential work arguing for collective governance based on the general will.
  4. 4. Enlightenment publication that aimed to gather and share human knowledge to promote progress and reform.
  5. 6. Social gatherings where Enlightenment thinkers discussed ideas, often hosted by influential women in Paris.
  6. 7. Economic principle advocating minimal government interference in markets, championed by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations.
  7. 8. Enlightenment ideal of personal freedom, prominently championed in revolutionary movements like the French and American Revolutions.
  8. 11. French Revolutionary motto symbolizing unity and brotherhood, rooted in Enlightenment principles.
  9. 13. Central Enlightenment idea that human society can improve through reason, science, and education.
  10. 14. Rasa: Locke's idea that the human mind is a "blank slate," shaped by experience, challenging notions of innate ideas.
  11. 16. Revolution: Movement against British rule, driven by Enlightenment ideals of liberty and popular sovereignty.
  12. 18. Enlightenment belief that truth and knowledge are best attained through reason and logical deduction rather than tradition or emotion.
  13. 20. Enlightenment writer known for Candide, a satire criticizing religious intolerance and dogmatism.
  14. 24. of Reason: Intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, science, and individualism, laying the groundwork for the Enlightenment.
  15. 26. Treatises of Government: Locke’s text justifying the Glorious Revolution and outlining theories of natural rights and government by consent.
  16. 27. Contract: Enlightenment theory, notably by Rousseau, that governments derive authority from an agreement with the governed.
  17. 28. Kant: Philosopher who explored ethics and human understanding, emphasizing the motto “Dare to know!” for the Enlightenment.
  18. 30. Wollstonecraft: Early feminist who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, advocating for gender equality in education.
  19. 33. Core value of Enlightenment thought, fueling debates over social class and revolutionary reforms.
  20. 35. Newton: Scientist whose laws of motion and gravitation epitomized the Enlightenment’s faith in reason and observation.
  21. 37. Satirical novel by Voltaire that critiques optimism and advocates for critical thinking.
  22. 38. Enlightenment attitude of doubting traditional beliefs, challenging religious dogma, and questioning authority.
  23. 39. de Montesquieu: Enlightenment thinker whose work The Spirit of the Laws advocated for political structures to limit tyranny.
  24. 40. Diderot: Editor of the Encyclopédie, a comprehensive work aiming to compile and disseminate Enlightenment knowledge.