Exam 3

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Across
  1. 2. tells one how they are progressing towards their goal. Goals do not motivate behavior if feedback is not provided. It allows one to assess which instrumental behaviors are effective.
  2. 4. ability of an incentive to motivate depends on prior experience
  3. 5. subjective properties of an incentive such as satisfaction, pleasure or usefulness.
  4. 11. deprivation increases the value and demand for the deprived substance. Ex. Food, Iphone, New model of car, video games
  5. 12. positive or negative emotional feeling that the anticipated goal produces. Positive affect leads to approach, negative affect leads to avoidance.
  6. 14. Use of Words
  7. 16. satisfaction obtained from achieving a goal.
  8. 18. Initially prefer smaller incentive, but as time delay increases, preference switches to the larger incentive.
  9. 19. highly stereotyped sequence of behavioral acts.Step by step plan to achieve a goal. They provide detailed knowledge on how to accomplish goals.
  10. 20. attractiveness of an incentive based on objective properties such as number & amount or subjective properties(one’s appraisal of objective value)
  11. 21. the incentive that is chosen to be acquired or achieved.
  12. 24. consistently being directed towards an extrinsic or intrinsic source of motivation. Both sources of motivation can operate for different activities.
  13. 25. 1.Goals are usually raised after success.2.Goals are usually lowered after failure.3.High self-efficacy individuals will increase effort after failure.4.Low self-efficacy individuals will decrease effort after failure.
Down
  1. 1. reely chosen, inherent in the activity being performed.
  2. 3. future incentive is represented today at a lower value. General formula for determining incentive value from amount and delay is:incentive value = Amount of incentive/(1 + Delay Interval)
  3. 6. one’s capability to perform a task.
  4. 7. select behaviors & increases expression of those behaviors.
  5. 8. subjective value of a stimulus produces psychological demand. Stimuli with the highest valence are selected as goals.
  6. 9. hierarchical rank of a goal; based on value of a goal. Higher level goals have higher value.
  7. 10. As objective incentive value increases, utility increases but in smaller & smaller amounts
  8. 13. how precisely a goal is envisioned.
  9. 15. manner in which a goal is perceived. Is it the opportunity for making a gain? Or avoiding a loss?
  10. 17. social comparison used to set performance goals.
  11. 22. visualizing a goal
  12. 23. abstract series of behavioral acts necessary for achieving a goal. It is more general than a script. Plans include a series of sub-goals that must be met to reach the final goal.