Across
- 4. process by which a person becomes set to achieve a goal. It includes factors such as: persistence, determination, effort & time expenditure in pursuit of the goal.
- 7. tells one how they are progressing towards their goal. Goals do not motivate behavior if feedback is not provided. It allows one to assess which instrumental behaviors are effective.
- 9. subjective value of a stimulus produces psychological demand. Stimuli with the highest valence are selected as goals.
- 10. One reinforcer can replace another provided that they serve the same function. Ex. Starbucks Latte vs. Dunkin Donuts coffee
- 13. responding in times of mental or physical fatigue; makes success more likely. More willing to work longer without reward
- 14. 1.Goals are usually raised after success.2.Goals are usually lowered after failure.3.High self-efficacy individuals will increase effort after failure.4.Low self-efficacy individuals will decrease effort after failure.
- 17. ability of an incentive to motivate depends on prior experience
- 18. abstract series of behavioral acts necessary for achieving a goal. It is more general than a script. Plans include a series of sub-goals that must be met to reach the final goal.
- 19. Initially prefer smaller incentive, but as time delay increases, preference switches to the larger incentive.
- 21. As objective incentive value increases, utility increases but in smaller & smaller amounts
- 24. Personal estimate that a goal can be achieved.
- 25. visualizing a goal
- 26. one’s capability to perform a task.
- 28. deprivation increases the value and demand for the deprived substance. Ex. Food, Iphone, New model of car, video games
- 30. consistently being directed towards an extrinsic or intrinsic source of motivation. Both sources of motivation can operate for different activities.
- 31. how precisely a goal is envisioned.
Down
- 1. hierarchical rank of a goal; based on value of a goal. Higher level goals have higher value.
- 2. select behaviors & increases expression of those behaviors.
- 3. manner in which a goal is perceived. Is it the opportunity for making a gain? Or avoiding a loss?
- 5. satisfaction obtained from achieving a goal.
- 6. positive or negative emotional feeling that the anticipated goal produces. Positive affect leads to approach, negative affect leads to avoidance.
- 8. social comparison used to set performance goals.
- 11. subjective properties of an incentive such as satisfaction, pleasure or usefulness.
- 12. reely chosen, inherent in the activity being performed.
- 15. future incentive is represented today at a lower value. General formula for determining incentive value from amount and delay is:incentive value = Amount of incentive/(1 + Delay Interval)
- 16. attractiveness of an incentive based on objective properties such as number & amount or subjective properties(one’s appraisal of objective value)
- 20. Fixed ratio requirement is increased, demand decreases
- 22. Use of Words
- 23. Processing resources - mental operations, memoryretrieval, problem solving, learning, decision making
- 27. highly stereotyped sequence of behavioral acts.Step by step plan to achieve a goal. They provide detailed knowledge on how to accomplish goals.
- 29. the incentive that is chosen to be acquired or achieved.