Across
- 3. A mechanical engineer known for inventing an automatic lubricating device for steam engines.
- 5. Organizations formed by industrial workers to fight for increased wages, safer working conditions, and shorter hours.
- 10. An industrial business approach in which a company buys and manages every stage of the production and distribution process, from raw materials to the final products.
- 12. A legal business system in which separate companies place their stock under the control of a single central board of trustees to limit competition and control an entire industry.
- 13. A phrase used to describe well known, powerful businessmen and industrialists who gathered vast wealth through unethical, monopolistic, and exploitative practices.
- 14. A national railroad strike and boycott in 1894 that suspended rail traffic across the U.S. Midwest and marked a major turning point in federal intervention against organized labor.
- 15. A theory in the late 19th century that applied biological concepts of evolution to human society, often in pseudoscientific ways.
- 18. A railroad magnate, financial speculator, and financier during the Gilded Age.
- 19. An oil monopolist who controlled about 90% of the oil industry and founded the Standard Oil Company.
- 20. A violent 1892 labor dispute and lockout at the Carnegie Steel Company plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, which pitted industrial management against iron and steel workers and their union.
- 22. A powerful financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during the Gilded Age.
- 24. A Scottish born teacher, scientist, and inventor.
- 27. The economic advantage of manufacturing goods in massive quantities, where the cost per unit decreases as a company grows larger and more efficient.
- 28. A crowded, poorly maintained apartment building that housed multiple immigrant and working class families in confined, unsanitary urban conditions.
- 31. An essay written by Andrew Carnegie arguing that the ultra wealthy have a moral obligation to give away their surplus fortunes for the good of the public.
- 32. A halt of work organized by employees as a protest against unfair wages, long hours, or unsafe working conditions.
- 35. An American inventor who is well known for developing practical electric lighting and the incandescent light bulb.
- 36. An American industrialist and engineer known for inventing the Pullman sleeping car.
- 38. An economic policy in which the government would not interfere with businesses or regulate or meddle in the free market.
- 40. The development and application of uniform guidelines or specifications so that a product or process has the same basic characteristics.
- 41. A license given by the government that gives an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for a certain amount of time.
- 42. A violent 1886 labor protest in Chicago where a bomb explosion shifted public opinion against labor unions and set back the fight for an eight hour workday.
Down
- 1. The extreme, anti capitalist labor union founded in 1905 that sought to unite all skilled and unskilled workers into “One Big Union” to overthrow the capitalist system.
- 2. A railroad line that connected Council Bluffs, Iowa, to San Francisco Bay.
- 4. The first major national labor organization that united skilled and unskilled workers, women, and African Americans to fight for an eight hour workday and better conditions.
- 6. A businessman and philanthropist who became one of the richest and most powerful people in America.
- 7. The powerful labor leader who founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and promoted “bread and butter” unionism, focusing on higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions through collective bargaining.
- 8. The 1887 federal law that regulated the railroad industry and banned unjust pricing or discriminatory shipping rates for small businesses and farmers
- 9. An American inventor and engineer who transformed railroad safety and strongly supported the widespread use of alternating current electricity.
- 11. Exclusive control by one company over an entire industry, removing competition and allowing the company to set prices.
- 16. A legal business owned by stockholders that raised massive amounts of capital, provided limited liability for investors, and drove industrial expansion.
- 17. A cheap industrial method for mass producing steel from molten pig iron.
- 21. A painter and inventor known for developing Morse code.
- 23. The anti immigrant movement that favored native born Americans and sought to restrict immigration, fearing newcomers would steal jobs, decrease wages, and threaten American culture.
- 25. The 1890 federal law created to prohibit monopolies and trusts that unfairly restrict trade and limit competition.
- 26. A business strategy in which a company obtains or integrates with competing companies at the same stage of production in a given industry to eliminate competition and control the market.
- 29. A famous inventor who developed and promoted alternating current (AC) electrical systems.
- 30. An industrialist and one of the richest men in history, known for building a huge steel empire and promoting modern philanthropy.
- 33. An influential business leader who urged economic growth, built efficient corporate empires, and produced jobs while often using aggressive tactics to control their markets.
- 34. A period in American history characterized by rapid industrial growth, enormous wealth, and glittering materialism that often concealed deep poverty and crime.
- 37. The labor union leader and socialist who organized the American Railway Union and led the Pullman Strike.
- 39. A railroad conductor who became a businessman after successfully drilling one of the first commercial oil wells in the United States.
- 43. The national association of skilled craft unions led by Samuel Gompers that fought for “bread and butter” worker goals like higher wages, shorter hours, and safer conditions.
- 44. The first nationwide and multi state labor protest in U.S. history, caused by consecutive wage cuts by major rail companies during an economic depression, which was finally subdued by federal troops and state militias.