federalism

5. gives Congress the authority to make laws about economic activity that crosses state lines, or that may affect the interstate economy. Source of authority for many modern laws.
6. a system of taxing and spending within the federal system (usually it’s the national government providing money to states with some instructions on how to spend it)
8. both the national government and state governments may do these
10. the old idea that the national and state governments were equal authorities
12. what the constitution explicitly says Congress can do
13. money and other resources given to states to spend on state and local activities, like when the national government gave states land which states sold to fund public universities

1. says that one state must recognize and honor the official acts of other states, like marriages or criminal convictions
2. greatly expanded the role of the national government, trying to improve people’s social and economic welfare during the Great Depression of the 1930s
3. a state separating itself from the USA
4. demands on states to carry out specific policies (usually, but not always, with money provided by the national government)
7. not mentioned specifically in the constitution, these may be done by states because the constitution neither assigns them to the national government nor prohibits them to states
9. the national government has these under the Necessary and Proper Clause because they’re logical extensions of expressed powers
11. returning power from the national government to states