Across
- 1. or false dichotomy presents limited options — typically by focusing on two extremes — when in fact more possibilities exist.
- 3. is a claim based on a few examples rather than substantial proof.
- 6. Also known as parapraxis, these slips supposedly reveal secret thoughts and feelings that people hold.
- 8. common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. Can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim.
- 9. arguments are often used in politics, where they are often called "mudslinging." They are considered unethical because politicians can use them to manipulate voters' opinions against an opponent without addressing core issues.
Down
- 2. assumes that a certain course of action will necessarily lead to a chain of future events. It takes a benign premise or starting point and suggests that it will lead to unlikely or ridiculous outcomes with no supporting evidence.
- 4. attacks a different subject rather than the topic being discussed — often a more extreme version of the counter argument. The purpose of this misdirection is to make one's position look stronger than it actually is.
- 5. (also known as an "argument from ignorance") argues that a proposition must be true because it has not been proven false or there is no evidence against it.
- 7. occur when a person's argument repeats what they already assumed before without arriving at a new conclusion. For example, if someone says, "According to my brain, my brain is reliable," that's a circular argument.