Final

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Across
  1. 2. Analysis of variance used to compare mean differences across multiple groups
  2. 3. Statistical measure of the strength and direction of a relationship
  3. 4. Sampling method where groups rather than individuals are selected
  4. 8. The outcome variable that is measured in an experiment or study
  5. 13. A set of written questions used to gather information from respondents
  6. 15. The middle value in an ordered set of data
  7. 16. The arithmetic average of a set of numerical values
  8. 17. Degree to which study findings can be generalized to other populations or settings
  9. 19. Statistical determination that a result is unlikely to have occurred by chance
  10. 21. The extent to which a measure accurately reflects what it is intended to measure
  11. 24. A recurring idea, concept, or topic identified in qualitative data
  12. 25. Watching and recording behaviors or events systematically for data
  13. 26. The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge
  14. 28. Anything that can take on different values or attributes in research
  15. 29. Method of collecting structured responses from participants using questions
  16. 32. A variable that explains the mechanism or process underlying a relationship
  17. 33. Using multiple methods or data sources to confirm research findings
  18. 34. A controlled study where variables are manipulated to test causality
  19. 36. The variable that is manipulated or used to predict outcomes
  20. 37. The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of reality and what exists
  21. 39. Selecting participants at regular intervals from a list or sequence
  22. 41. The consistency or stability of a measurement over time or items
  23. 43. A measure of how spread out data values are from the mean
Down
  1. 1. Research approach using numerical data and statistical analysis
  2. 4. Extent to which a measure accurately captures the theoretical concept
  3. 5. A system of ideas used to explain observed phenomena
  4. 6. Statistical technique for predicting the value of one variable from another
  5. 7. Dividing the population into subgroups before sampling to ensure representation
  6. 9. A subset of the population selected for participation in a study
  7. 10. A specific, testable prediction derived from a theory
  8. 11. A sampling method where every member has an equal chance of selection
  9. 12. Collecting data through direct verbal questioning of participants
  10. 13. Research approach focusing on meanings, experiences, and narratives
  11. 14. Systematic error that leads to inaccurate or unfair research results
  12. 18. The default assumption that there is no effect or relationship in the population
  13. 20. Principles guiding moral conduct and responsible behavior in research
  14. 22. The entire group of individuals or units that a researcher is interested in
  15. 23. The most frequently occurring value in a dataset
  16. 27. A variable that changes the strength or direction of the relationship between variables
  17. 30. Assigning numbers or labels to variables according to rules or scales
  18. 31. Choosing participants based on availability and ease of access
  19. 35. Extent to which results can be attributed to the variables studied, not other factors
  20. 38. Degree to which a measure appears to assess what it intends on the surface
  21. 40. The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a larger population
  22. 42. The process of labeling qualitative data to identify patterns or themes