Across
- 2. an encoding strategy to facilitate the formation of memory by linking new information to what one already knows
- 3. a prototypical example of something or the original model from which something is held to derive
- 5. a reduction in the electric potential across the plasma membrane of a cell, especially a neuron, such that the inner surface of the membrane becomes less negative in relation to the outer surface
- 6. the second stage of the multi-store memory model proposed by the Atkinson-Shiffrin. The duration of STM seems to be between 15 and 30 seconds, and the capacity about 7 items
- 9. adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
- 11. a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
- 14. the minimum amount of stimulation required to trigger a reaction or produce a sensation
- 16. the diminishing of a conditioned response
- 18. estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
- 19. suggests that dreams are caused by the physiological processes of the brain
- 24. in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
- 32. the tendency of IQ scores to change over time, and specifically, the apparent increase in intelligence in the general population evidenced by a steady increase in IQ scores
- 33. scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
- 35. a period of inactivity after a neuron or muscle cell has undergone excitation
- 36. narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
- 39. in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
- 40. a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, to illustrate with Pavlov’s classic experiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food)
- 41. a socially learned standard that regulates the expression of emotion
- 42. interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
- 44. the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
- 45. a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Down
- 1. expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
- 4. best known for his social learning theory, the concept of self-efficacy, and his famous Bobo doll experiments
- 7. the theory that the physical environment can affect arousal levels by stimulation and by stress created when psychological or physical needs are not met
- 8. a French psychologist who published the first modern intelligence test
- 10. the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
- 12. our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
- 13. the illusion of seeing a static spot of light moving in a dark room
- 15. the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
- 17. helps control language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
- 20. an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
- 21. a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon
- 22. the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
- 23. the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms
- 25. a form of psychiatric treatment that involves inducing seizures with the use of electrical stimulation while a patient is under general anesthesia
- 26. best-known for forming the school of thought known as individual psychology
- 27. a monocular cue to depth perception consisting of the relative clarity of objects under varying atmospheric conditions
- 28. the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
- 29. best known for his work with facial expressions. He discovered that several facial expressions of emotion, such as fear, anger, sadness, joy, and surprise were universal
- 30. the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time
- 31. radically changed the arena of linguistics by assuming language as a uniquely human, biologically based cognitive capacity
- 34. a model of the primary dimensions of individual differences in personality. The dimensions are usually labeled extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience
- 37. a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
- 38. a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
- 39. the rotation of the two eyes inward toward a light source so that the image falls on corresponding points on the foveas
- 40. organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
- 43. an ego psychologist who developed one of the most popular and influential theories of development