Across
- 3. A peptide hormone (ANP) released from the heart atria in response to increased blood volume and pressure. It opposes the actions of angiotensin II, ADH, and aldosterone by increasing urine output.
- 4. The total amount of fluid in the body, composed of intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF), representing between 45% and 75% of body weight depending on age and tissue composition.
- 5. An abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood that increases depolarization and can result in life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. It also stimulates aldosterone secretion to increse potassium excretion.
- 8. An elevated plasma sodium concentration that leads to water retention and increased blood pressure, causing the ECF to become hypertonic.
- 10. Systems composed of weak acids and weak bases that act within minutes to temporarily prevent pH changes by binding or releasing H+ ions. The three main systems are the protein, phosphate, and bicarbonate buffer systems.
- 13. A steroid hormone released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II, low plasma sodium, or high plasma potassium. It promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys, decreasing urine output.
- 14. A fluid imbalance in which water loss exceeds solute loss, causing blood plasma to become hypertonic and water to shift from cells into interstitial fluid and plasma.
- 15. Carbonic acid formed when carbon dioxide combines with water, regulated by the respiratory system. It is called volatile because it is derived from an expired gas (CO2).
Down
- 1. Controlled, hormonally regulated water loss through the kidneys. It is the only mechanism for controlling fluid output and can be reduced when the body is dehydrated.
- 2. A condition also known as water intoxication, where excess water intake or ADH hypersecretion causes plasma to become hypotonic, leading to fluid shifting into cells and potential cerebral edema.
- 5. A condition of abnormally low potassium levels that makes the resting membrane potential more negative, leading to muscle weakness and potential failure of respiratory and cardiac muscles.
- 6. Unmeasurable fluid loss that occurs through expired air and from the skin via sweating and cutaneous transpiration.
- 7. An abnormal distribution of body fluid, often resulting in edema due to changes in the cardiovascular system, blood composition, or lymph vessels. Examples include ascites and pleural effusion.
- 9. The most common acid-base disturbance, caused by impaired elimination of CO2 by the respiratory system, leading to elevated arterial PCO2 above 45mmHg and increased H+ concentration.
- 11. An acid-base disturbance where arterial bicarbonate levels rise above 26 mEq/L due to loss of hydrogen ions or gain of bicarbonate, most commonly caused by vomiting, diuretic overuse, or excessive antacid intake.
- 12. An acid-base disturbance characterized by arterial bicarbonate levels below 22 mEq/L, caused by increased production of metabolic acids, decreased acid elimination due to renal dysfunction, or loss of bicarbonate.