Fuels & Crude Oil + Hydrocarbons

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Across
  1. 2. fractional distillation separates petroleum into useful fractions based on the different _______ ______ of the components
  2. 3. when aqueous bromine reacts with alkenes, reddish-brown solution ____________ to become colourless
  3. 5. unsaturated hydrocarbons with a general formula of CnH2n and a C=C functional group
  4. 8. during incomplete combustion, an alkane burns in insufficient oxygen to produce ______ ________ and water
  5. 12. a type of reaction that unsaturated compounds (e.g. alkenes) undergo
  6. 13. compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms
  7. 15. a thick black liquid consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons with differing numbers of carbon atoms
  8. 16. a process where long-chain hydrocarbons from petroleum are broken down into shorter-chain hydrocarbons in a presence of a catalyst (Al2O3 or SiO2), to produce smaller chain alkanes & alkenes (used as fuels) and hydrogen
  9. 19. in order to display isomerism, alkanes would have to contain at least ____ carbon atoms
  10. 20. alkanes are _________ as each carbon atom is covalently bonded to a maximum of four other atoms
  11. 21. a type of reaction that hydrocarbons undergo when burnt in oxygen
  12. 25. crude oil or petroleum has to undergo __________ ____________ first in order to be used as fuel for planes, cars and cooking
  13. 26. aqueous bromine is used as a test to ___________ alkanes and alkenes as only alkenes would react with aqueous bromine in the absence of ultraviolet light
  14. 28. alkenes are considered to be ___________ as the carbon atoms are not bonded to the maximum of four atoms
  15. 29. compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
  16. 30. the process that converts alkenes into alcohols containing the -OH functional group (addition of steam)
Down
  1. 1. the process where multiple identical alkene molecules (monomers) are joined together to form a large molecule (polymer), e.g. ethene → poly(ethene)
  2. 4. a type of reaction that alkanes undergo
  3. 6. a colourless gas found near fossil fuels in the earth’s crust
  4. 7. a family of organic compounds that have the same general formula and functional group, where each member differs from the next by -CH2
  5. 9. during substitution, alkanes can react with halogens in the presence of ___________ light
  6. 10. during complete combustion, an alkane burns in excess oxygen to produce ______ _______ and water
  7. 11. an atom or a group of atoms that is responsible for the chemical properties of the molecule, e.g. C=C bond in alkenes
  8. 14. the process that converts alkenes into alkanes (addition of hydrogen)
  9. 17. hydrogenation requires 200ºC and ______ catalyst
  10. 18. alkanes are insoluble in water but are soluble in _______ solvents like ethanol
  11. 22. the process that converts alkenes into bromoalkanes (addition of aqueous bromine)
  12. 23. hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2
  13. 24. as the number of carbon atoms in the alkane increases, the melting and boiling points of alkanes _________ as more heat energy is needed to overcome the stronger intermolecular forces of attraction between the alkane molecules
  14. 27. alkanes contain only C-C ______ bonds and C-H ______ bonds