Across
- 6. A process used to protect against corrosion by coating the metal with a protective layer of zinc.
- 7. Reached by reversible reactions when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction. At this point, the concentration of reactants and products remains constant.
- 9. A chemical used to distinguish between acidic and alkaline solutions. Examples include phenolphthalein, litmus and methyl orange. They are also used in titration reactions to indicate the end point of the reaction by a clear colour change.
- 11. A reddish coating of iron oxide which forms on iron when it undergoes oxidation in the presence of oxygen and water.
- 12. A type of rock which contains metal compounds. The metals or metal compounds are present in sufficient amounts to make it worth extracting them.
- 18. Capable of being deformed and moulded into various shapes. Metals have this property since the uniform layers of atoms can slide over each other.
- 20. Graphs used to show the relative energies of reactants and products, the activation energy and the overall energy change of a reaction.
- 21. A solution containing free ions from a molten or aqueous ionic substance. The ions are free to move and carry charge.
- 22. The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment, e.g. rusting occurs when iron is exposed to water and oxygen.
- 26. The strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- 28. A process used to separate substances in a mixture. It involves a mobile phase and a stationary phase.
- 29. the protection of iron or steel against corrosion by using a more reactive metal. Zinc is often used as a sacrificial metal. It creates a physical barrier to oxygen and water, preventing corrosion of the metal.
- 32. A category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. Formed by a condensation reaction between a diol and a dicarboxylic acid.
- 33. Long-chain hydrocarbons are heated to turn them into a gas. The hydrocarbon vapour is then mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature which caused them to split into smaller molecules.
- 34. Able to be broken down by living organisms. Some polyesters have this property.
- 35. The oxidation of a substance by microorganisms. Ethanol undergoes this process to produce ethanoic acid.
Down
- 1. Polluting particles which cause global dimming and health problems for humans. Soot (C) are a product of incomplete combustion.
- 2. The part of a polymer whose repetition would product the complete polymer chain.
- 3. A reaction in which the products can react together to reform the reactants.
- 4. A species brings about reduction by losing electrons. Itself is oxidised.
- 5. A type of structural formula that shows all the bonds between every atom in the compound.
- 8. The reaction in which many small molecule monomers bond together to form a long chain polymer.
- 10. A separation technique to obtain soluble solids from solutions. The process involves heating the solution until crystals start to form, leaving the solution to cool and then filtering the formed crystals from the solution.
- 13. A separate technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a solution.
- 14. Reactions in which monomers join together and lose small molecules, such as water. These reactions involve monomers with two functional groups.
- 15. Chemical substances within a compound which are different to the chemical composition of the compound. Combustion of hydrocarbons continuing sulfur leads to the formation of sulfur dioxide.
- 16. Molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes. The structures are based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms but they may also contain rings with five or seven carbon atoms. Examples include Graphene and C60.
- 17. The process used to measure the amount of heat energy released or absorbed during a chemical reaction.
- 19. The ions formed by halogen atoms by gaining an electron. They have 1- charge. E.g. Cl-, Br- and I-.
- 23. Unreactive. Inert electrodes are used in electrolysis to prevent the electrode material affecting the reactions. The noble gases are also described as being this property.
- 24. The minimum amount of energy that particles must collide with to react.
- 25. The existence of molecules with exactly the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.
- 27. The amount of energy given out or absorbed during a reaction.
- 30. A species which brings about oxidation by gaining electrons. Itself is reduced.
- 31. A technique used where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution.