Across
- 4. the term used to describe an animal that shows atrophy of all the parenchymatous organs and skeletal muscles, serous atrophy of the body fat, and (non-regenerative) anaemia. Usually caused by starvation or chronic debilitating diseases.
- 6. a watery exudate containing variable amounts of protein.
- 8. small, flat haemorrhages of about one mm in diameter.
- 9. a usually spherical structure consisting of purulent exudate encapsulated in a fibrous capsule.
- 14. local ( often spherical) accumulations of blood in tissues or organs.
- 18. the process by which normal somatic cells are transformed (mutated) into cells that are no longer under the control of the body in which they are growing.
- 21. this is cell swelling (osmotic cell odema) following on direct or indirect membrane injury, which may or may not be lethal.
- 25. the process of cellular degradation caused by lysosomal enzymes that are released after somatic death.
- 27. the physiological decrease in the size of an organ or tissue following completion of a normal function.
- 28. the usual type of necrosis in which cell and tissue architecture is retained.
- 31. the dissolution of nuclear chromatin following cell death.
- 34. the time interval between death and post mortem examination.
- 35. refers to variable morphology of the cells constituting a specific neoplasm.
- 36. application of a different chemical carcinogen to a sensitised cell, causing it to transform into a pre-neoplastic cell.
- 38. the identification of a disease by its name.
- 42. the steps by which a normal cell is transformed into a neoplastic cell.
- 46. the accumulation of triglycerides in the cytoplasm of a cell.
- 47. the black pigment (hydrogen sulphide) formed by the action of saprophytic clostridial bacteria after death
- 48. a benign neoplasm of squamous (non-secretory) epithelial cells.
- 49. a localized type I hypersensitivity reaction.
- 55. the increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of the constituent cells.
- 56. the disintegration of the nucleus into bits of condensed chromatin following cell death.
- 57. an exudate containing a large amount of polymerized fibrinogen.
- 58. the failure of an embryonal anlage for an organ or tissue to develop (the anlage is present but does not develop).
- 59. the type of necrosis in the central nervous system that is associated with softening of the tissues.
- 61. the process by which a normal cell in the body is changed into a neoplastic cell in that body.
- 62. the development of a lesion and/or a disease in space and time.
- 64. the swelling of tissues and organs caused by the presence of excessive serous fluid in the extravascular compartment.
- 65. the movement of leucocytes from the capillary lumen into the extracellular matrix.
- 67. the cells, fluid and chemicals that pass from the blood vessel lumen into the injured tissue.
- 70. the process in which bacteria are coated with c3b, antibody and fibronectin, rendering them more susceptible to phagocytosis.
- 75. the increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of the constituent cells.
- 79. the presence of endotoxins in the bloodstream.
- 80. necrosis of tissues, usually the distal limbs and ears, mostly because of failure of the blood supply.
- 82. the slow, rolling motion of leucocytes on the inside of the capillary wall in the pre-exudative phase of inflammation.
- 84. excessive production of the fibrous component of the stroma of a neoplasm.
- 85. a benign neoplasm of glandular (secretory) epithelial cells.
- 86. a pathological clot in the lumen of a blood or lymph vessel.
- 87. the failure of an embryonal anlage to form (the anlage is absent).
- 88. the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.
- 89. the presence of a toxin in the boodstream.
- 90. an attempt to predict the future course and outcomes of a disease or disease process.
- 91. caused by the clinician.
- 92. a localised area of ischaemic necrosis in a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of the arterial supply or of the venous drainage.
- 93. a detached (?free-floating) physical mass in the lumen of a vessel.
- 94. the steps in oncogenesis that lead to the transformation of a pre-neoplastic cell to a neoplastic cell.
Down
- 1. an abnormality that arises in living tissue as a result of a loss of homeostasis.
- 2. the disorderly differentiation of the cells in a tissue, most often seen in the epidermis of the skin.
- 3. the presence of viruses in the bloodstream.
- 4. the type of necrosis seen in tuberculosis and caseous lymphadentis in which the necrotic tissue resembles crumbly cheese.
- 5. a process in which cells generate energy and metabolites by digesting their own organelles and macromolecules, leading to cell death if nutrients are not received by the cell.
- 7. the change in an organ or tissue of a cell from one type of mature cell to another type of mature cell of the same embryonal origin.
- 10. the study of disease.
- 11. the spread of neoplastic cells from a tumour to a distant organ/tissue.
- 12. a process involving the activation of caspases and the bcl2 gene in the cell, leading to cell death via a complex molecular cascade.
- 13. directional migration in response to a chemoattractant gradient.
- 15. a systemic type I hypersensitivity reaction.
- 16. the process of condensation of nuclear chromatin following cell death.
- 17. complete repair of injured tissue.
- 19. the term used to describe the serous fluid that accumulates in the extravascular compartment.
- 20. the presence of toxins in the bloodstream that originate in the intestinal lumen.
- 22. the study of lesions in the immune system.
- 23. an increased volume of blood in a tissue or organ due to impaired venous drainage of that tissue of organ.
- 24. an overgrowth of normal tissue in a location in which it is not normally found.
- 26. these are genes that are involved in the expression of the neoplastic phenotype.
- 29. the proximate cause of a specific disease.
- 30. medium-sized, flat haemorrhages (about 2 to 15 mm diameter).
- 32. the failure of a neoplastic cell to differentiate (mature).
- 33. the decrease in size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in the size of the constituent cells (quantitative atrophy) and/or a decrease in the number of cells (numerical atrophy).
- 37. incomplete repair of injured tissue, which is replaced by less specialized connective tissue.
- 39. sensitisation of a cell to subsquent neoplastic transformation by means of the application of a chemical carcinogen.
- 40. the failure of an organ or tissue to develop to its full size.
- 41. polypeptide mediatiors secreted by cells in response to a stimulus.
- 43. the chemical process induced in adipose tissue by free fatty acids that react with calcium ions to form alkaline salts known as soaps.
- 44. a malignant neoplasm arising from an epithelial cell.
- 45. an exudate containing a large amount of mucus.
- 50. the invasion of the bloodstream by pathogenic bacteria, with multiplication of and toxin production by the bacteria.
- 51. a thin membrane covering a mucosal surface, composed of fibrinous exudate, mucus and necrotic and other debris.
- 52. of unknown cause.
- 53. the post mortem process resulting from the proliferation of saprophytic bacteria originating from the intestinal tract.
- 54. a state in which a living organism is not in homeostasis.
- 60. this is the establishment of a neoplasm at a new site following the release of tumour cells from a neoplasm into a body cavity.
- 63. a specific group of cytokines responsible for the selective attraction of various leukocytes.
- 66. tightly packed marginated leucocytes.
- 68. an overgrowth of normal tissue in a location in which it is normally found.
- 69. a state of dynamic balance of life processes that exists in a healthy living organism.
- 71. large flat haemorrhages (greater than about 15 mm diameter).
- 72. the reaction of tissues to injury.
- 73. the process by which certain cells internalize particles, hydrolyze them and eject the debris.
- 74. is the extravasation of blood.
- 76. a malignant neoplasm arising from a connective tissue cell.
- 77. an increased volume of blood in a tissue or organ due to an increase in blood flow to that tissue or organ.
- 78. an extracellular deposit composed of any one of a family of unrelated proteins deposited in a specific physical configuration in a number of tissues and organs in association with a diverse group of diseases.
- 81. a process following cell death which involves hydrolytic enzyme release from lysosomes with consequent denaturation and coagulation of the cytoplasmic proteins.
- 83. the body’s attempt to replace dead or injured tissue with healthy tissue.