Genetics

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Across
  1. 3. One of the different forms of a gene or DNA sequence that can exist at a single locus.
  2. 5. An organism without a nucleus; eubacteria, archaebacteria, and blue-green algae.
  3. 6. Having two different alleles at a given locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
  4. 7. Procedure to transfer RNA from an agarose gel to a nylon membrane.
  5. 9. The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, which carries information from one generation to the next; a segment of DNA, composed of a transcribed region and a regulatory sequence that makes transcription possible.
  6. 11. Any detectable phenotypic variation of a particular inherited character.
  7. 14. A group of cells or molecules that are identical by having arisen from a single ancestral cell or molecule.
  8. 15. An allele differing from the allele found in the standard, or wild type.
  9. 16. An overall direction.
  10. 17. A gene that can mutate to an allele, an oncogene, that causes a cell to become cancerous.
  11. 18. Mutation in which the function of the protein product of the gene is unaltered.
  12. 19. The configuration of two sites refers to their presence on two different molecules of DNA (chromosomes).
  13. 20. Proteins that recognize specific, short nucleotide sequences in DNA and catalyze cutting at those sites.
  14. 23. An allele whose phenotypic effect is not expressed in a heterozygote.
  15. 25. A virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell. Literally "bacteria eaters."
  16. 26. A gene coding for a mutant tRNA able to respond to one or more of the termination codons.
  17. 27. The process of joining two complementary strands of DNA or one each of DNA and RNA to from a double-stranded molecule.
  18. 28. One whose genome has been modified by externally applied new DNA; a term applied to metazoans.
  19. 30. Small single-stranded segments of DNA typically 20-30 nucleotide bases in size which are synthesized in vitro.
  20. 33. One of the two side-by-side replicas produced by chromosome duplication.
  21. 39. The process where researchers obtain the clone of a gene without prior knowledge of its protein product or function.
  22. 40. Any change in DNA that causes a (termination) codon to replace a codon representing an amino acid.
  23. 42. Any one of three triplets (UAG, UAA, UGA) that cause termination of protein sysnthesis.
  24. 45. An RNA molecule, transcribed from a gene, from which a protein is translated by the action of ribosomes.
  25. 46. An allele that makes no gene product or whose product has no activity of any kind; a deletion of a gene is necessarily a null allele.
  26. 48. Short pre-existing oligonucleotide or polynucleotide cahin to which new DNA can be added by DNA polymerase.
  27. 49. Organisms (ranging from yeast to humans) which have nucleated cells.
Down
  1. 1. The formation of a new combination of alleles through independent assortment or crossing-over.
  2. 2. The distance between sites of initiation and termination by RNA polymerase; may include more than one gene.
  3. 4. The proportion of individuals with a specific genotype who manifest that genotype at the phenotype level.
  4. 5. A change in a single base pair.
  5. 8. Any agent that is capable of increasing the mutation rate.
  6. 10. The strand of the DNA double helix that is copied by base pair complementarity to make an RNA.
  7. 12. A class of conditional mutations; the mutant phenotype is observed in one temperature range and the wild-type phenotype is observed in another temperature range.
  8. 13. A chromosome site with two or more identifiable alleleic DNA sequences. Also called a polymorphic locus.
  9. 21. DNA molecules A combinatin of DNA molecules of different origin that are joined experimentally.
  10. 22. A single set of chromosomes present in the egg and sperm cells of animals, in the egg and pollen cells of plants, and in stable or transient life cycle forms of some other organisms such as yeast.
  11. 24. A mutation that counteracts the effects of another mutation.
  12. 29. This hypothesis is tested by statisical analysis, and accepted or rejected.
  13. 31. An allele of a normal gene, called a proto-oncogene, that causes a cell to become cancerous.
  14. 32. All the cells of an organism except those of the germ line.
  15. 34. Self-replicating structures of cells that carry in their nucleotide sequences the linear array of genes.
  16. 35. Observable characterisics of an organism.
  17. 36. A sequence of sense codons such that each suceeding triplet generates the correct order of amino acids resulting in a polypeptide chain.
  18. 37. Physical or chemical agent which induces cancer.
  19. 38. The reassociation of denatured complementary single strands of a DNA double helix.
  20. 41. Changes that eliminate the effects of a mutation without reversing the original change in DNA.
  21. 43. Cytoplasmic, autonomously replicating extrachromosomal DNA molecule.
  22. 44. A region of DNA involved in binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.
  23. 47. In bacterial virus analysis, a clear area of a petri dish, devoid of bacterial cells, indicating the presence of viral particles.