Genetics and cell signalling

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Across
  1. 2. nuclei start to reform, chromosomes relax, microtubules degrade
  2. 8. dominance pattern of A and B blood types
  3. 9. one-trait cross
  4. 10. DAG and IP3 are produced by cleavage of _____ C.
  5. 11. chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
  6. 12. A ______ cascade amplifies a signal, often resulting in a geometric increase in the number of activated molecules
  7. 15. A way for cells to die in an organized fashion
  8. 16. where the expression of one gene is masked or modified by one or more other genes at different loci
  9. 18. Phase in mitosis where chromatin condenses, nucleolus disappears, centromeres move apart, mitotic spindle starts to form
  10. 22. ______ dominance when neither allele for a trait is fully dominant, resulting in a heterozygous offspring with a phenotype that is a blend of the two parents.
  11. 24. two-trait cross
  12. 25. When a ligand binds to a _______ ion channel receptor, the channel opens, allowing specific ions to travel into the cell
Down
  1. 1. mechanisms to prevent the cell entering the next phase if it’s not ready
  2. 3. _____ cyclase, an enzyme embedded in the plasma membrane that converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signa
  3. 4. ______ is passed down a pathway, NOT the original signalling molecule.
  4. 5. Mendel’s Law of independent _____ states that alleles of different genes get sorted into gametes independently from each other
  5. 6. nuclear envelope degrades, spindles attach to chromosomes at centromere
  6. 7. Calcium ions are _____ transported out of the cell, into the ER, and into the mitochondria
  7. 13. ______ segregation: when chromosomes or DNA strands aren't randomly distributed during cell division
  8. 14. An enzyme that transfers phosphate from ATP to a protein
  9. 17. sister chromatids separate, dragged by microtubules
  10. 19. when both alleles for a trait express simultaneously
  11. 20. levels in the blood and extracellular fluid are often 1000x higher than in the cytosol
  12. 21. Mendel’s Law of _____ states that during gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait separate, so each gamete receives only one allele, ensuring offspring get one allele from each parent.
  13. 23. regulatory proteins that control the cell cycle by activating Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDK)